Term
| Smooth, skeletal, cardiac |
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Definition
| What are the three types of vertebrate muscle? |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that controls the digestive system and other organs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that controls movement of the body in relation to the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| Heart muscles, that have properties between smooth and skeletal. |
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Term
| A synapse where a motor neuron axon meets a muscle fiber. |
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Definition
| What is the neuromuscular junction? |
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Term
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Definition
| What neurotransmitter does the neuromuscular junction release? |
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Term
| An autoimmune disorder that forms antibodies that attack the individual's own body, attacking the acetylcholine receptors |
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Definition
| What is myasthenia gravis? |
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Term
| The acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junctions. |
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Definition
| What receptors does myasthenia gravis attack? |
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Term
| A receptor that detects the position or movement of the body |
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Definition
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Term
A proprioceptor parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch (knee jerk).
Send message to motor neuron in spin cord, back to muscle surrounding spindle, contraction. |
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Definition
| What is a muscle spindle? |
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Term
| Proprioceptor that responds to an increase in muscle tension, acts as a break, inhibits motor neurons. |
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Definition
| What is the Golgi tendon? |
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Term
| Muscle spindle and Golgi tendon. |
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Definition
| What are two types of proprioceptors? |
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Term
| The circuit from the sensory neuron to the muscle response. |
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Definition
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Term
Type of reflex:
Involuntary, flexor muscle, excites a motor neuron to the flexor muscle and inhibits a motor neuron connected to the extensor muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
Type of reflex:
Involuntary, response to sensory input, stretch reflex |
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Definition
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Term
| A neural mechanism that generates rhythmic patterns of motor output (wing flapping, wet dog shaking) |
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Definition
| What is a central pattern generator? |
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Term
Fixed: grooming, yawning, smiling
Learned: sports, typing, piano playing |
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Definition
| Difference between a fixed motor program and a learned one |
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Term
| Part of the brain that has Complex voluntary movements |
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Definition
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Term
| Part of the brain that plans movements |
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Definition
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Term
| Important for balance, movement, and coordination. There are Purkinje cells and parallel fibers. |
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Definition
| What is the cerebellum and what cells does it have? |
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Term
| Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, globus pallidus, substania nigra. |
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Definition
| What structures are in the basal ganglia? |
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Term
| Loss of dopamine cells in the caudate nucleus and putamen. |
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Definition
| What causes Huntington's disease? |
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Term
| Loss of dopamine cells in the substantia nigra. |
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Definition
| What causes Parkinson's disease? |
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Term
| Sleeping, hormone secretion, body temperature. They last roughly 24.2 hours. |
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Definition
| What are some types of circadian rhythms? How long do they last? |
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Term
| Yearly cycles and seasonal change, such as an animal storing food for winter or hibernating. |
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Definition
| What are circannual rhythms? |
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Term
| They develop a free-running clock that shifts everyday. |
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Definition
| What happens to animals that are kept in constant darkness? |
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Term
| Our endogenous clock or rhythm doesn't match the external time. |
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Definition
| Why do we experience jet lag? |
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Term
| It is a stimulus that resets the biological clock, such as light. |
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Definition
| What is a zeiteberger? How does it affect our body clock? |
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Term
| The Superchiasmatic mucleus |
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Definition
| What nucleus of the brain is important for circadian rhythms of sleep and temperature? |
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Term
| The circadian rhythm is disrupted |
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Definition
| What happens if the superchiasmatic nucleus is removed? |
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Term
| It matches the rhythm from that of the donor. |
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Definition
| What happens if the superchiasmatic nucleus is transplanted? |
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Term
| Light; Retinohypothalamic pathway |
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Definition
| What resets the superchiasmatic nucleus? What is the name of that pathway? |
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Term
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Definition
| What are the 2 genes that regulate the circadian clock? |
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Term
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Definition
| What does the pineal gland secrete? What does that promote? |
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Term
| Stage 1, Stage 2, Stage 3, Stage 4, REM. |
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Definition
| What are the stages of sleep? |
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Term
| Irregular, brain activity declines |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of Stage 1? |
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Term
| Sleep spindles and K-complexes |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of Stage 2? |
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Term
| Slow wave sleep, slowing of heart rate, breathing, and brain activity. |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of Stages 3 & 4? |
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Term
| Rapid eye movement, paradoxical sleep, paralyzed muscles. |
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Definition
| What are the characteristics of REM sleep? |
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Term
| It's your deepest sleep, yet the EEG activity resembles awakeness. |
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Definition
| Why is REM sleep paradoxical? |
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Term
| memory, development, dreams, oxygen to the corneas. |
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Definition
| What are some possible functions of REM sleep? |
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Term
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Definition
| What does the reticular activating system do? |
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Term
| Releases norepinephrine to promote wakefulness, attention, and increases arousal. |
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Definition
| What does the Locus Coeruleus do? |
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Term
| Releases orexin and hypocretin, important for staying awake. |
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Definition
| What does the hypothalamus do for wakefulness? |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of orexin and hypocretin leads to what disorder? |
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Term
| It can release acetylcholine to promote arousal and GABA to promote sleep. |
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Definition
| What does the basal forebrain do for wakefulness? |
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Term
| Energy conservation, Restoration (brain rebuilds proteins), Memory (removes unimportant stuff and converts the rest to long term) |
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Definition
| What are the three possible functions for sleep? |
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Term
| Difficulty either falling asleep, staying asleep, or sleeping for normal periods of time. |
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Definition
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Term
| The deficiency in orexin/hypocretin. Frequent sleep attacks. May show cataplexy (loss of muscle tone). Often triggered by excitement. |
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Definition
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Term
| The inability to breathe correctly during sleep, decreased oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Leg kicks often and causes insomnia. |
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Definition
| What is periodic limb movement disorder? (restless leg syndrome) |
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Term
| No sleep paralysis during REM, mo there is much movement. |
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Definition
| What is REM behavior disorder? |
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Term
-
- biological processes that maintain balance and keep certain variables of the body within a fixed range or set point.
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Definition
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Term
| A single value that the body works to maintain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The adaptive way in which the body changes its set points in response to changes in its life or changes in the environment. Gaining weight in winter to keep warm. |
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Definition
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Term
| The physiological mechanisms (shivering/sweating) to maintain a nearly constant body temperature despite changes in the environment. Takes a lot of energy. Mammals and birds. |
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Definition
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Term
| When the body temperature matches that of their environment. Must lay in the sun to be warm. Reptiles, amphibians, most fish. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus, mainly the preoptic area and anterior hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| What part of the brain does thermoregulation depend on? |
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Term
| A hormone that raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels. It is released from the posterior pituitary. Controlled by the PVN of the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| What does vasopression/ADH do? |
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Term
| The tendency of water to flow across a semipermeable from the area of low solute concentration to the area of higher concentration. |
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Definition
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Term
| Triggered by solute concentration in the extracellular space. Triggered by the OVLT, relieved by drinking water. |
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Definition
| What causes osmotic thirst? |
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Term
| Low blood volume. The kidneys release renin and the adrenal gland releases aldosterone? This thirst is relieved by drinking water containing solutes. |
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Definition
| What causes hypovolemic thirst? |
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Term
| It constricts the blood vessels, compensating for the drop in blood pressure during hypovolemic thirst. |
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Definition
| What does angiotensin II do? |
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Term
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Definition
| What brain area regulates drinking behavior or thirstiness? |
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Term
| Digestion in the stomach produces signals to end the meal. Stomach conveys satiety messages to the brain via the vagus nerve about the stomach walls stretching. |
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Definition
| How does the stomach produce a signal to end a meal? |
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Term
| It releases the hormone CCK (cholecystokinin) to limit meal size. |
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Definition
| What does food in the duodenum do to limit meal size? |
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Term
| When it's high, the liver cells convert glucose to fat. When it's low, the liver converts glycogen back to glucose. |
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Definition
| How are glucose levels kept stable? |
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Term
| Allows glucose to enter cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stimulates the liver to concert some of its stored glycogen to glucose. |
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Definition
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Term
| Produced by fat cells, mice with the obese gene fail to produce leptin. It's a long term indicator of whether to increase or decrease eating. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| What hormone facilitates eating? |
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Term
| If lesioned, there is increased meal size, especially increased carbohydrate intake during the first meal of the active period of the day. |
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Definition
| The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus does what for hunger? |
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Term
| When lesioned, there is undereating, weight loss, low insulin level, underarousal, underresponsiveness. |
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Definition
| What does the lateral part of the hypothalamus do for hunger? |
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Term
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Definition
| What gene plays a large role in determining body weight? |
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Term
| When someone is unwilling to eat as much as they need and therefore become extremely thin |
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Definition
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Term
| A condition in which people alternate between extreme dieting and binges of overeating. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anorexia has a more distorted body image than bulimia; Anorexia has more weight loss; Bulimia is impulsive, anorexia is compulsive. |
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Definition
| What is the difference between anorexia and bulimia? |
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Term
| Secreted by a gland into the bloodstream. |
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Definition
| How are hormones transported around the body? |
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Term
| An organ that produces and releases hormones. |
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Definition
| What are the endocrine glads? |
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Term
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Definition
| Which brain region controls hormone release from the pituitary gland? |
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Term
| In the posterior, it synthesizes oxytocin and vasopressin. The anterior synthesizes adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, somatotropin, FSH and LH. |
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Definition
| What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary? |
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Term
| Peptide hormones (stimulate the metabotropic receptor on a membrane) and steroid hormones (consist of lipid molecules that can pass thru membrane and enter the cell). |
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Definition
| What are the two main types of hormones? |
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Term
| Steroid hormones that are synthesized from cholesterol. This includes androgens (testosterone, DHT), estrogen, and progesterone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Released mostly by the gonads (ovaries and testes) and to a lesser degree, the adrenal glands. |
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Definition
| Where are all steroid hormones derived from? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What can testosterone be converted to? |
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Term
| They occur mostly during sensitive periods in development (well before birth in humans). Generally permanent. Determine whether brain and body will develop male or female characteristics. |
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Definition
| What are organizing effects? |
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Term
| They occur at any time in life, when a hormone temporarily activates a response. Effects last as long as hormone is present, so it's generally temporary. Ex. menstrual cycle. |
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Definition
| What are activating effects? |
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Term
| SRY, activates development of testes. If not present, gonads develop into ovaries. |
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Definition
| What gene determines sex? Where is it located? |
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Term
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Definition
| If SRY is present, what do the just-developed testes release? |
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Term
| The female will not show lordosis in front of a male, but will mount a female. |
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Definition
| What happens in adulthood if testosterone is administered to a female rat during the sensitive period of development? |
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Term
| They alter activity in various brain areas to change the way the brain responds to various stimuli. They alter the sensitivity of sex organs and many brain areas. |
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Definition
| Why don't hormones cause behavior? |
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Term
| He displays lordosis in presence of a male and does not mount in the presence of a female. |
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Definition
| If a genetic male rodent is castrated during the critical period early in development and then given estradiol in adult hood, does he display male or female sexual behavior? |
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Term
| It is caused by impaired blood circulation. An erection depends partly on testosterone to increase nitric oxide release, which facilitates neurons in the hypothalamus important for male sexual behavior and increases blood flow to the penis. |
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Definition
| What is the main cause of impotence in a male that is treated with Viagra? |
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Term
| LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone. |
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Definition
| What are the four hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle in women? |
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Term
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Definition
| When is T highest in females in regards to their cycle? |
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Term
| Large amount of estrogen, prolactin (milk production, gathering wandering young), and oxytocin. |
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Definition
| What hormones are at high levels late in pregnancy? |
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Term
| Stimulates uterine contractions and stimulates mammary glands to release milk. |
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Definition
| What does oxytocin play during child birth and nursing? |
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Term
| The anatomy between a male and female. |
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Definition
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|
Term
Chromosomal or Hormonal:
XY male with mutation in the SRY --> Poorly developed genitals
XX, but one X contains the SRY gene --> may have mixture of ovaries and testes.
Abnormal hormone pattern; genetic males with low levels of T --> female or intermediate sex or a genetic female that was exposed to T may be somewhat masculinized. |
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Definition
| What are some causes of intersex? |
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|
Term
The overdevelopment of the adrenal glands from birth. Doesn't produce much cortisol, no negative feedback, adrenals release too much T.
If XY, not too much change
If XX, masculinization of genitals (Enlarged clitoris). |
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Definition
| What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? |
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|
Term
| A genetic XY has a mutation in the gene for androgen receptors, lack of an effect of T, so it's converted into E, development of breasts and widened hips but no menstrual cycle. |
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Definition
| What is androgen insensitivity syndrome? |
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|
Term
| People with this condition are genetically XY, but do not produce enough DHT to develop fully into a male, so he appears to have female genitalia. During puberty the voice deepens, pubic hair, etc. |
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Definition
| What is 5-alpha reductase DHT deficiency? |
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Term
| Anything that throws the body out of its homeostatic balance. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A non-specific response of the body to any demand made on it. |
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Definition
| What is a stress response? |
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|
Term
| Alarm stage, tells you something is wrong and prepared your body to respond. |
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Definition
| What is the first stage of the stress response? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| What is the second stage of the stress response? |
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|
Term
| It boosts the immune system and even improves memory. |
|
Definition
| Why is acute stress good? |
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|
Term
| It impairs memory and leaves the immune system spent and vulnerable to infection. |
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Definition
| Why is chronic stress bad? |
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