Term
| Four Sources of Knowledge |
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Definition
1. Authority
2. Reason
3. Intuition
4. Sensory Data |
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Term
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Definition
1. Causality
2. Existence
3. Position Symmetry
4. Time Symmetry
5. Noncontradiction
6. Occams razor |
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Term
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Definition
| Very short range (size of nucleus), but very strong |
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Definition
| long range, not very strong. Planets come together, galaxies stay together. |
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Definition
| shorter range, stronger force. Hand can't go through the table. Holds molecules together. |
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Term
| Newton's First Law of Motion |
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Definition
when an object is at rest (or moving) in uniform motion, it will stay that way unless you apply another force on it.
uniform motion= same speed, straight line (circle= acceleration) |
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Term
| Newton's Second Law of Motion |
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Definition
| F=ma. How an object responds to acceleration. Acceleration is constant (pictures of cannonball shooting upward, then falling). |
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Term
| Newton's Third Law of Motion |
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Definition
| All forces result from interactions between pairs of objects. The two resulting forces have the same strength and act in exactly opposite directions. |
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Term
| Standing on a scale in an elevator |
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Definition
1. balanced forces (gravity, contact force) 150 lbs
2. unbalanced upward (less gravity, more contact) 170 lbs
3. balanced forces 150 lbs
4. unbalanced forces (more gravity, less contact) 130 lbs
5. balanced forces 150 lbs |
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Term
| Buoyant force is = ____________ |
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Definition
| the weight of the displaced fluid |
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Term
| Three balls have the same buoyant force if ___________ |
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Definition
| they are all the same volume |
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Term
| the greater the density of balls in water has _________ gravitational force |
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Definition
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Term
| What to know about Special Relativity |
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Definition
1. Laws of motion are the same, even at high speeds.
2. The speed of light is constant (NOT relative).
a. because speed of light is constant, as object moves closer and closer, the LENGTH will CONTRACT, it's TIME will SLOW down, and it's MASS will INCREASE, because the speed of light is constant. |
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Term
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Definition
| we don't create mass. it can change, but not disappear or be created. |
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Term
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Definition
| when you transfer electrons from one object to another, the on the received the electron becomes negative. charges are changing, but the number of electrons doesn't change. |
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Term
| Conservation of Linear Momentum |
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Definition
| Linear momentum will continue in the same direction. Bus and Bug pictures. Equal forces on each other (no matter the size) but because of mass, the bigger one moves less. |
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Term
| Conservation of Angular Momentum |
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Definition
| When the radius decreases, speed increases |
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Term
Kinetic Energy
Electrical Potential Energy
Thermal Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Nuclear Potential Energy |
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Definition
KE= has to do with motion
EPE= has to do with charges
TE= has to do with heat
GPE= energy stored in an object with potential to fall
NPE= energy stored in the nucleus of an atom |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ways Energy is Transferred |
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Definition
1. Convection: transferring energy through something else
2. Conduction: transferring energy through contact (heat transfers energy)
3. Radiation: transfer of energy through light |
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Term
Conservation of Energy Example:
Pole Vaulter |
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Definition
| in order to start: gets energy from food. chemical potential energies. (potential energy is potential to become kinetic). through work becomes kinetic energy. sticks pole into box, the pole will start to bend ( elastic potential energy) then with the jump, pole unbends making pole vaulter move up (kinetic energy). when an object goes up higher and higher (gravitational potential energy) now it changes back into kinetic as pole vaulter falls, then once it hits the pits... the energy does not disappear. where does it go? heat, light, and sound. |
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Term
Waves:
amplitude, frequency, wavelength |
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Definition
amplitude: height of wave. sound wave (makes louder). light wave (makes brighter).
frequency: # of wave amplitude crests that pass a particle point in space every SECOND.
wavelength: from peak to peak |
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Term
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Definition
| when the wave bounces back. EX: echo |
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Term
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Definition
| When a wave hits something more dense, it will slow down and refract in. EX: pencil in cup |
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Term
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Definition
changing of direction around corners. Goes through slit or around obstacle. It changes wavelength and frequency.
**wave property of light |
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Term
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Definition
two waves interact with each other (positive or negative)
constructive, destructive |
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Term
| Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum of Light |
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Definition
GXUVIMR
Rabbits mate in very unusual expensive gardens
gamma, xray, ultraviolet ray, visible, infrared, microwave, radio waves
ROY G BIV resides in visible light
**shortest are gamma, longest radio |
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Term
| Photoelectric Effect: particle nature of light |
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Definition
| Define: the ejection of electrons from metals when light is shined on the metal's surface. Light energy is associated with FREQUENCY. Light is composed of photons. |
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Term
_______ proves light acts like a wave.
_______ proves light acts like a particle. |
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Definition
| Wave Diffraction (double slit experiment)/ photoelectric effect |
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Term
| Continuous color spectrum |
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Definition
| Sun has a continuous color spectrum. no black. |
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Term
| Discrete Spectrum of Color |
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Definition
| black with colorful lines |
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Term
| Chart: Temp. Change and Physical State |
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Definition
temp = low = solid state
add energy (heat)
when it CHANGES states, stays the same temp.
then it heats again because energy isn't going into a phase change
once at a boil, it's the same temp
then becoming a gas, gets hotter and hotter |
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Term
| Correlation between melting pt. and boiling pt. |
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Definition
As one goes up, so does the other
increases on a linear graph
water is low mp and bp
salt has high mp and bp |
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Term
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Definition
| is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| negative plum pieces surrounded by a positive pudding |
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Term
| Rutheford's Gold Experiment |
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Definition
alpha particles are positive, shot at gold foil
occasionally one particle would bounce back
must bounce into another positive charge: the nucleus
This led to the Solar System Model which CANNOT explain absorption or emission |
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Term
| Bohr's Modified Solar System |
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Definition
atom has different energy levels (n=1, 2, 3)
electron can jump levels, if supplied with energy
everything wants to work towards a lower energy |
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Term
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Definition
electron jumping UP
spectrums mostly color with some black line (continuous) |
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Term
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Definition
electron jumps DOWN
discrete spectrum |
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Term
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Definition
as long as electrons are in orbit, as long as they're going round, they're accelerating, putting off energy
electron= standing wave of probability
now use ORBITALS which are waves until we try to detect them, then act like a particle |
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Term
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Definition
s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p
each holds two orbitals, one up and one down
Heisenberg uncertainty: we can't know both POSITION and MOMENTUM at the same time |
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Term
Periodic Table:
rows:
columns: |
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Definition
rows: energy level (n=1, 2, 3) how many electrons are in the valence shell
columns: reactivity |
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Term
Ionization energy
Atomic Volume |
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Definition
how easy it is for an atom to lose an electron
opposite of ionization energy, electrons that are closer to the nucleus are being held tighter |
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Term
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Definition
| how badly it wants another electron. |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| Entropy is always increasing |
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Term
| Types of energies: Alien Man |
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Definition
Most ordered: GPE hat
KE eye
Elastic tongue
NEC: nuclear, electrical, chemical
thermal: heart
to least ordered |
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Term
| Mass Spec and IR Absorption |
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Definition
| read graphs. similar molecules absorb similarly and will have the same dips and peaks. |
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Term
| Energy/ Reaction Rate Graphs |
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Definition
| activation energy = energy required to start reaction = curve up |
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Term
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Definition
| line ends up BELOW the line, gives off energy exists EXothermic |
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Term
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Definition
| stays above the line. absorbed energy. energy in, "en"dothermic |
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Term
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Definition
decrease temp= decreased conductivity
band gap INCREASES
harder for electrons to jump from bottom band
increased temp= increased conductivity
electrons can jump easier |
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Term
| LED light is a ____________ |
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Definition
semiconductor
cold light, greater band gap, electrons have to jump farther. makes it a bigger frequency. changes color. |
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Term
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Definition
decreased temp = increased conductivity
increased temp = decreased conductivity
have no band gaps |
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Term
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Definition
metal to nonmetal
electromagnetic force
transparent
brtittle
conducts when melted, dissolved, or vaporized |
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Term
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Definition
metal plus mteal
ions (charged)
sea of electrons
opaque and shiny
high mp and bp
malleable
conductive |
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Term
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Definition
EX: water
nonmetal and nonmetal
molecules
intramolecular forces (single, double, triple bonds)
transparent
low mp and bp
brittle
non conductive |
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Term
Polarity
if symmetrical= ____________ |
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Definition
if symmetrical= NOT polar
like dissolves like |
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Term
| Intermolecular (COVALENT) forces |
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Definition
Intra:
single, double, triple
Inter:
hydrogen bonding, dipole to dipole, dispersion |
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Term
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Definition
straight, bigger dispersion forces
higher mp
solid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
kinky, weaker dispersion forces, don't stack well
lower mp
liquid at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
double bond, but straight
worst for you. double bond is harder to break. |
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Term
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Definition
single:
double: single chains string together
sheet: |
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Term
Crystal Morphlogies
Asbestos |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| composed of layers of sheets |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks into irregular-shaped pieces when shattered with a hammer |
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Term
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Definition
combining small nuclei
H to H > He
Mass > ENERGY!
way too expensive, but not radioactive |
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Term
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Definition
splitting large nuclei
U > Xe + Sr
mass > energy
easier to do, easier to control, more radioactive |
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Term
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Definition
goes down atomic # by 2
atomic mass by 4 |
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Term
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Definition
goes up atomic # by 1
no change in mass |
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Term
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Definition
no change in atomic # or mass
but releases a gamma ray |
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Term
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Definition
| Protostar> Main sequence (fusion) > Red Giant (fusing helium into carbon) > small, goes to planetary nebula then white dwarf then black dwarf, if med or big star to supernova then med goes to neutron star, or big star to black hole |
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Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Protostar |
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Definition
slow rotating cloud of dust and gas
outer edges pulled in by gravity (GPE to KE)
center becomes hot and dense
cloud flattens as it collapses
moving faster, because mass moved into the center an decreased the radius. conservation of angular momentum as radius decreases, the speed increases
grains of dust collide and stick as speed increases
rocky inner planets form closest to the sun
gaseous ice planets form farthest from the sun
radiation from the sun pushes away leftover gases and dust |
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Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Main Sequence |
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Definition
core is fusing hydrogen to helium
GPE pushing in, fusion pushing out, forces cancel each other out. Gravity is = to Electrical magnetic force
Blue stars: hotter, bigger, brighter, younger, shorter lives
Red stars= cooler, smaller, dimmer, older, longer lives |
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Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Red Giant |
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Definition
all hydrogen has fused to helium
fusion stops, and FPE causes the star to collapse
the increases pressure on the core casues the helium to start fusing into heavier elements such as oxygen and carbon
fusion starts again really fast, sudden outward force causes the star to expand very quick
this is how we have all our heavier elements |
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Term
Nebular Hypothesis
Small stars (like sun)
Medium and Big Stars |
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Definition
turn into planetary nebulas.
expand so much that outer layers get pushed into space
star loses a significant amoutn of it’s mass
all outer laters are blown off, exposing a small carbon core
white dwarf
white dwarves cool down and turn into black dwarves
Medium and Big stars > Supernovas
basically an exploding star
medium stars turn into a neutron star
big stars turn into a blackhole
all the mass of the star is condensed into one singular point. So dense that it bends space and time, and not even light can escape. |
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Term
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Definition
used for nearby objects like planets
radio signal out and small amount of signal is reflected back
can't measure distance to stars, no stars in our solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| measuring the distance to stars using angles and right angles |
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