Term
| International Institutions |
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Definition
| formal organizations or informal International institutions are formal regimes that establish common set of rules and expectations to promote interstate interactions |
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Term
| Liberals believe that international institutions act as cooperation enablers by... |
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Definition
| reducing transaction costs, providing information, preventing cheating, and promoting issue-linkages |
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Term
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Definition
| International structures and characteristics of state cause war |
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Term
| How do liberals view Democracy? |
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Definition
| Democracy restrains leaders and provides outlets for opposing view points. Young democracies inclined to fight wars due to nationalism. |
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Term
| How do liberals view capitalism? |
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Definition
| They think that capitalist helps avert war because they prefer trade. Trade is restricted during war. |
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Term
| How do Marxists view capitalism? |
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Definition
Marxists think capitalists are war prone.
Ex. Imperialist wars
Diversionary wars |
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Term
| What are the causes of war based on individual level of analysts? |
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Definition
Personal characteristics of leaders
Misperceptions
Communications failures |
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Term
| How realists view the cause of war |
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Definition
War is caused by anarchy
War is caused changing distribution of power among states |
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Term
| How Lenin or Marxist view the cause of war |
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Definition
| Dominating states need to expand which leads to a war over resources |
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Term
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Definition
| A doctrine of military ethics of Roman philosophical and Catholic origin studied by moral theologians, ethicists and international policy makers, which holds that a conflict ought to meet philosophical, religious or political criteria |
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Term
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Definition
Just cause (Self defense,Defense of others,Massive violation of human rights)
Declaration of intent by appropriate authority(Consent of leaders,Public support,United Nation)
Have intentions of ending abuses and establishing a just peace
Must have exhausted all other alternatives
Forces must be removed quickly after objectives are achieved |
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Term
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Definition
| Just conduct in war(Distinguish between combatants and noncombatants,Noncombatants protected from harm,Violence proportionate to ends,Undue human suffering avoided,Individual responsibility for actions taken) |
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Term
| Garrett Hardin: The Tragedy of the Commons |
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Definition
Goods in the "common grazing area"
The Problem:
As each individual acts rationally to maximize own gain
The collectivity suffers
Eventually all individuals suffer |
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Term
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Definition
Collective goods are available to all members of the group regardless of individual contributions
Some state activities involve the provision of collective goods
Groups need to devise strategies to overcome problems of collective goods caused by the negative consequences of the actions of others |
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Term
| Solutions to Collective Goods Problems |
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Definition
Use of coercion
Changing preferences(Offering positive incentives to refrain from engaging in an activity)
Altering group size to ensure compliance |
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Term
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Definition
| A war instigated by a country's leader in order to distract its population from their own domestic strife. The concept stems from the Diversionary War Theory, which states that leaders who are threatened by domestic turmoil occasionally initiate an international conflict in order to shift the nation's attention away from internal troubles. As a result, this external threat would counter the domestic strife and ensure the leader's position in power. Essentially, a diversionary use of force is a manipulation of the Rally Round the Flag Syndrome effect, causing an increase of national fervor from the general public. |
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Term
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Definition
As one state seeks to ameliorate its insecurity, it seeks power
Once state A gains power, it inadvertently makes state B insecure
State B then seeks more power, which it might not have otherwise done
As state B gains power, state A again becomes insecure and seeks more power
Vicious circle of power accumulation
Permanent condition of tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Inadequate to address modern security issues such as terrorism (not always rational), limited wars (gorilla warfare),and counterinsurgencies |
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Term
| Realist approaches to deterrence |
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Definition
Goal is to prevented the outbreak of war by the credible threat use of force
Assumes that decision makers are rational and that the threat of destruction from nuclear warfare is too great |
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Term
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Definition
States must build arsenals for a credible threat
Information about the threat must be communicated
Leaders must be able to make rational decisions
Mutually assured destruction |
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Term
| Problems of deterrence today |
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Definition
The rise of nonstate actors decreases the possibility the deterrence will work
Nonstate actors do not hold territory is not effective
The presence of flexible, geography spread groups makes eliminating networks difficult
Suicide terrorism undermines deterrence logic
Development of national missile defense (NMD) could undermine deterrence |
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Term
| Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) |
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Definition
Signed in 1968
In forced since 1970
189 signatures
States without nuclear weapons agree not to acquire or develop them
States with nuclear weapons promise not to transfer technology to non-nuclear states and to eventually dismantle their own
International atomic Energy (IAEA) is a guardian of the NPT through inspection teams and information gathering |
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Term
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Definition
Nuclear states outside the treaty (Cuba, India, Isreal, Pakistan)
Inspections by IAEA can be difficult to conduct and inspectors have been asked to leave
States can pull out of the treaty (North Korea in 2002)
North Korea and Iran are pursuing nuclear weapons despite international concerns
Liberals acknowledge complete disarmament of all types of weapons is unlikely due to cheaters but pursue incremental disarmament |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of body of both rules and norms regulating actions among states, between states and IGOs, and sometimes among IGOs, individuals, and states
Purpose (Sets expectations, Provides order, Protects status quo, Legitimates use of force, Mechanism for settling disputes, Norms of permissible and impermissible behavior) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Law at the International Level |
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Definition
No international executive for enforcement
No international legislature
No judiciary with compulsory jurisdiction
But international law can work because (Binding rules are created, States recognize obligations, Followed most of the time by most states) |
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Term
| International Court of Justice |
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Definition
Fifteen judges located in the Hague
Non-compulsory jurisdiction
Hears few cases, but number has been increasing
Only states and IGOs can initiate proceedings
Both parties involved must agree to proceedings |
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Term
| Ad Hoc International Tribunals |
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Definition
Post-Worls War II (Nuremberg Trials, Tokyo Trials)
Trend toward making individuals responsible for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide |
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Term
| International Criminal Court |
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Definition
Jurisdiction individuals tried for genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes of aggression (Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Darfur (Sudan), Uganda, Central African Republic)
Court of last resort when national courts are unwilling or unable to prosecute cases of war crimes
Proceedings are slow
United States, China, India, Israel, Russia, Turkey (Threat to national sovereignty, Special responsibilities as superpowers, Leaders, Military need to be immune from jurisdiction) |
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Term
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Definition
Main concern (International peace and security)
Five permanent members have veto power on certain substantive issues (United States, United Kingdom, France, China, Russia)
Ten non-permanent members and two year rotations (Germany, Portugal, India, South Africa, Colombia, Lebanon, Gabon, Brazil, Nigeria, and Bosnia-Herzegovina)
New 5 Security Council members elected (Guatemala, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Togo, and Morocco)
During the Cold War there was often a deadlock due to veto
Post Cold War increase in activities, meetings
More informal consultations
Greater use of consensus decision making
Expanded definition of security |
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Term
| Security Council: Need for Reform |
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Definition
Problem (Permanent members do not represent geographical/ regional diversity and do not reflect power of major economic contributors)
Solutions (Increase the number of the permanent members on Security Council to include Germany and Japan (major donors) and major regional powers (India, Brazil, Nigeria)) |
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Term
| The Politics of Security Council Reform |
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Definition
How many should be added to the Security Council (Need to balance representation versus efficiency)
Who should be represented (For every seat there are multiple contenders, India versus Pakistan, Brazil versus Argentina)
Should the new members have the veto (Current members will not give up veto right, Too many states with veto lead to stalemate) |
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Term
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Definition
Asymmetric warfare (Between parties of unequal strength, Weaker party seeks to neutralize opponent strengths by exploiting weaknesses)
Guerilla insurgency war (Defeat technologically superior and well equipped foe by exploiting weaknesses, Civilians protected guerillas or insurgents, Traditional warfare concepts eliminated, Win hearts and minds of the people) |
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Term
| Terrorism as Asymmetric Warfare |
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Definition
| Elements of terrorism (Act is premeditated, Committed usually by non-state actors (some with clandestine support of states), Combatant or non-combatant targets, Use unconventional means at unpredictable places and intervals, Motivated by political, religious, or economic goals, Seek to instill fear to attain goals) |
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Term
| Terrorism's Transformation since the 1990s |
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Definition
Attacks have become more lethal
Choice of weapons have become more diverse
More efficient infrastructure for terrorist networks (Electronic money laundering, Funding via illegal activities, Internet recruiting)
Wider range of groups (Nationalist, Radical religious, Neo Nazi, Left wing, Right wing)
State sponsors (Cuba, Pakistan, Iran, North Korea) |
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Term
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Definition
International level (Conclusion of 12 conventions...Punish hijackers...Protect infrastructure, diplomats, and nuclear materials...Block financial transfers)
State level (Information sharing among states, Monitoring of financial flows, USA Patriot Act) |
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Term
| Changes in International Trade |
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Definition
1948 The General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT)(Trade liberalization, non-discrimination (Most Favored Nation MFN), National treatment of foreign firms, LDC's exports got preferential access to developed markets)
1986 Uruguay Round covers new areas such as services, intellectual property rights
1995 World Trade Organization (WTO) created Trade Policy Review Mechanism and Dispute Settlement Body
2001 Doha Round stalemated talks because
Agriculture subsidies issues in U.S., Japan, EU, developing and emerging countries |
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Term
| World Trade Organization (WTO): Free Trade or Fair Trade |
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Definition
New rules favor developed countries by opening competition in investment and service sectors
The loss of jobs and opportunities for manufacturers in the developed countries
Developing countries are pressured to liberalize their infant industries and agriculture sectors |
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Term
| Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) |
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Definition
Private voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together to address a common purpose (Often oriented to a public good)
Not sovereign (Lack of resources available to states, Some entirely private, and some partially rely on government aid, About 7,500 have an international dimension)
Advantage (Can send a clear message, Have the people's support) |
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Term
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Definition
Antislavery groups in late 1780s
1800s peace groups
International Committee of the red cross for humanitarian treatment
International labor groups
Explosion in number after 1970 |
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Term
| Explaining the Growth of NGO Power |
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Definition
Increasing international organizations and institutions
Increasing issues seen as global (Airline hijackings, Acid rains, AIDS)
End of Cold War and expansion of democracy
Communications revolution (Internet, Email, Blogs) |
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Term
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Definition
Advocates for specific policies
Alternative channel for political participation
Mobilize mass public
Distribute aid and critical assistance
Monitors of norms and state practices |
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Term
| NGOs in Action: Protecting the Ozone Layer |
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Definition
Friends of the Earth International
Greenpeace International
National Resources Defense Council (Publicizes issues, Circulate Information, Force public discussion) |
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Term
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Definition
Perform services that state cannot or will not perform in education, health, agriculture, environment
Replace state when that state has failed (Somalia)
Try to change states and government policy (Muslim Brotherhood, April 6th movement) |
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Term
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Definition
Mafia, Al Qaeda, international drug cartels, human trafficking (Illegal economic activity totaling $400 billion annually or 8 percent of world trade)
Loose association of networks and dispersed leadership
Lack of funding and sufficient authority
May simply be temporary movement |
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Term
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Definition
Independent from states
Participated at all levels
Links to grassroots groups
Flexibility in administration and programs
Rely on soft power (Credible information, Expertise, Moral authority) |
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Term
| Contending Theoretical Approaches to the International Political Economy |
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Definition
Realism: Statism or Mercantilism
Economic Liberalism
Radicalism |
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Term
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Definition
Fifteenth to eighteenth century European states dedicated to pursuit of economic wealth; encourage exports over imports and industrialization over agriculture; protect domestic production
Strong central government needed for efficient tax collection and maximization of exports
Protectionism support high tariffs and discourage foreign investment to achieve national self-sufficiency
Subordination of economic activities to the goal of maximizing national security |
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Term
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Definition
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Obama's tariffs on Chinese tires
European Union's tariffs on Chinese and Thai plastic bags |
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Term
| Economic Liberalism: Origins |
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Definition
Adam Smith
Humans act rationally to maximize self interest
When individuals act rationally, markets develop to produce, distribute, and consume goods
Markets enable individuals to carry out necessary transactions to improve their own welfare
If there are many buyers and sellers, competition ensures prices as low as possible
Low prices equals increased consumer welfare
By maximizing economic welfare and stimulating individual economic growth, markets epitomize economic efficiency
Markets must be virtually free of government interference; only through free flow of commerce will efficient resources allocation occur
Economic wealth increases with formation of a free international market (Free Trade)
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934) |
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Term
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Definition
Based on Marxist and neo-Marxist writings (Blamed capitalist system developed under liberalism for harsh living conditions of working class, State supports owners of means of production; owners expand markets and accumulate resources at expense of working class and developing world
, Constantly expanding markets lead to crisis, which are exacerbated by speculators, Suggest major change in power relations) |
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Term
| Trends in the International Political Economy |
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Definition
Growing transactions and volumes in trade, investment
Facilitated by new technologies
Increasing visibility of economic problems (Financial crises)
Policy outcomes more controversial (Structural adjustments, Bail-out programs) |
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Term
| Trends in the International Political Economy |
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Definition
Growing transactions and volumes in trade, investment
Facilitated by new technologies
Increasing visibility of economic problems (Financial crises)
Policy outcomes more controversial (Structural adjustments, Bail-out programs) |
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Term
| Key Concepts in Liberal Economics |
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Definition
States differ in land, labor, capital endowments
Worldwide wealth is maximized by international trade
Trade established by comparative advantage (States produced and export those products which they can produce most efficiently, relative to other states) |
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Term
| Absolute Advantage vs. Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
Two countries (IV, )DP
Both only produce and consume beer and surfing boards
In both countries only produce beer with all capacities (DP 100 cans/hr, IV 400 cans/hr)
In both countries only produced surfing boards with all capacities (DP 150 boards/hr, IV 200 Boards/hr) |
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Term
| David Ricardo: Comparative Advantage |
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Definition
Each state produces and exports that which it can produce relatively more efficiently
States import goods which they produce relatively less efficiently
Trade and international wealth are maximized because each state minimizes its opportunity cost in production (Specialization) |
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Term
| Complex Peacekeeping Operations |
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Definition
Respond to civil wars, ethno national conflicts, and domestic unrest
Disputants may not have requested UN assistance
Activities include (Verifying troop withdrawals, Separating warring faction, Conducting and supervising elections, Implementing human rights guarantees, Supplying humanitarian aid, Helping civil administration maintain law and order) |
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Term
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Definition
Return to liberal economics of privatization, trade and investment liberalization, government deregulation, tax reform
How countries should be run
Negative turn |
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Term
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Definition
The EU
NAFTA
The European Union: Economic Policies
Creation of a single market
Involves uniform tariffs imposed on goods from outside
Creation of monetary union with single currency (euro) facilitates business transactions and monetary coordination
Common Agriculture Policy (CPA): subsidization of agriculture sector
EU as a global economic power; counterweight against U.S. economic hegemony
Countries are making preferential trade agreements
Used as a tool for negotiation |
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Term
| North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA) |
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Definition
Phased elimination of tariff and non tariff barriers
Idea driven by MNCs seeking larger market shares than Japanese or European competitors
Comprises one dominant and two non-dominant economies; combined economic strength of Mexico and Canada is one tenth of U.S. level
Last agricultural barriers lifted in 2008 |
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Term
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Definition
Positive impacts (Trade among countries expanded; agricultural markets more integrated; tariffs on manufactured products almost eliminated; growth of sub-regional groups)
Negative impacts (Manufacturing jobs lost in United States, Labor exploitations and environment degradation, Immigration problems) |
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Term
| Liberal Managing Security 2: Arms Control and Disarmament |
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Definition
Fewer weapons equals greater security (Less access to guns give less opportunity for perpetrators to harm innocent people)
Regulate arms proliferation (arms control) or reduce amount of arms and types of weapons (disarmament)
(SALT 1 and SALT 2...Treaties that deal with arms control)
Security dilemma reduced
Major agreements include bilateral, regional, and global treaties covering conventional, nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons |
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Term
| The Economics of Petroleum |
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Definition
Oil supply is inelastic in the short term
Oil deposits are unevenly distributed around the world
Demand is not very responsive to price
Shift to substitutes is difficult in the short term and costly in long term |
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Term
| The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries |
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Definition
Founded in 1960 by oil-exporting states of Venezuela and Middle East
Twelve members produced 40 percent of worlds oil (Iran, Iraq, Venezuela, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Algeria, Nigeria, UAE, Ecuador, Libya, Angola)
Some key oil producers are not members (United States, Norway, Mexico, Azerbaijan, Russia) |
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Term
| Shocks to the International Petroleum Market |
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Definition
Leading to increase in petroleum prices (Arab oil embargo (1973-1974), Political instability in Iran and Iraq (late 1970s), 1991 Gulf War)
Cut Iraq and Kuwait production (Accelerating demand in China and India with economic growth (since 2000))
Leading to decrease in petroleum prices
(2008-2009 global economic crisis) |
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Term
| Key Role of Petroleum Markets |
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Definition
Demand facts (Since 2000, 84 percent of oil demanded increase coming from emerging markets especially India and China, Demand grown by 7 million barrels/day...2 million goes to India and China)
Supply facts (Over 60percent oil reserves in Middle East...Saudi Arabia 25%...United Arab Emirates 8%...Iran 8%)
OPEC's 12 members produce 40 percent of oil |
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Term
| Effects of Increased Oil Demand |
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Definition
Oil companies rush to find new sources of oil
Oil dependent states vying for contracts have changed or modified political allegiances to improve chances fro reliable supply
Oil producing states enjoy massive revenue increase; billions invested in international financial system; immune to pressures for reform or repressive domestic practices (Russia, Kazakhstan, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, Sudan)
Oil as a strategic weapon
(Russia, Venezuela) |
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Term
| Another Effect: New Vulnerabilities |
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Definition
| Nigeria (Oil pipelines targeted by groups trying to disrupt government and political stability, Terrorists targeting Iraqi and Saudi Arabia pipelines) |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a discomfort caused by holding conflicting ideas simultaneously. The theory of cognitive dissonance proposes that people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. They do this by changing their attitudes, beliefs, and actions.Dissonance is also reduced by justifying, blaming, and denying. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the mode of thinking that happens when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. Group members try to minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative ideas or viewpoints. Antecedent factors such as group cohesiveness, structural faults, and situational context play into the likelihood of whether or not groupthink will impact the decision-making process. |
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Term
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Definition
| The behaviour in which one person copies another person usually while in social interaction with them. |
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