Term
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Definition
LDCs are on the same path as the rich countries, development is a matter of time
"free market assumption" |
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Term
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Definition
| LDCs will not develop like rich countries because the rich countries dominate international policy and control poor countries through economic relationships |
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Definition
| Extraction of natural resources for export to Europe |
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Term
| "The scramble for Africa" |
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Definition
| Europeans divide up Africa into colonies. Called this at the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885 |
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Definition
- Trade relationships- advantage rich countries and primary commodity
- Multinationals- able to profit w/o accountability to people/domestic economy
- International Economic Regimes- IMF/WB force unproductive policies
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Definition
- Leadership corruption
- Ethnic conflict
- Culture based problems with democracy
- poverty- inadequate tax base to develop, incentives to increase population
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Term
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Definition
Poverty and high fertility rates lead to vicious circle.
- lack of basic social services
- need for children to work
- high infant mortality
- lack of birth control
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Term
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Definition
| produced by industrialization. leads to complex division of labor, incentives to become educated/skilled ("a virtuous circle") |
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Definition
happens when ethnic conflict cannot be managed
rarely peaceful, often ethnic cleansing |
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Term
| "Institutional Engineering" |
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Definition
Way to mange conflict
Lijphart
Horowitz |
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Term
Consociational Model
(Constitutional Engineering I) |
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Definition
Ethnicity as the base of political participation.
Ethnically defined parties
Proportional Representation
Multiparty government includes all groups (minority veto)
Federal Boundaries create ethnic majorities
Proportional division of government
Elite Led Consensus
Key mutual security
Cultural autonomy avoid winner take all outcomes
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Term
Integrative Model
(Constitutional Engineering II) |
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Definition
Reduces the political salience of the ethnicity by fostering alliances across ethnic groups
President elected with supermajority requirement
Parties rely on support from more than one group requiring ethnic competition
Federal boundaries create ethnically homogenous states that (A) diffuse conflict to the local level and (B) foster intra ethnic competition
Consensus created in the electorate
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Term
Criticism of Consociational Model |
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Definition
Elite dominated system
Rigidifies ethnic cleavages: legitimizes ethnicity as a political cleavage
Antidemocratic decision making: elites make decisions w/o public influence |
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Term
| Criticism of Integrative Model |
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Definition
Inra-ethnic competition can lead to "ethnic outbidding"
Minorities end up in a subordinate position
Institutions do not guarantee mutual security
Presidential elections are necessarily zero sum
No rela world example of a successful Integrative institution |
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Term
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Definition
| a policy or system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race |
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Term
| "Massive farm failure in South Africa" |
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Definition
| Minister reveals that 90% of redistributed farms (to victims of apartheid) are now unproductive. Food security and economic growth are being undermined by the collapse of more than 90%. |
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Definition
| More than a religion. Complete program for ordering society. Prescribes a legal system: the source of social rules and political ideology |
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Term
| Patrimonialism and Personalism |
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Definition
| leadership develops around a dominant figure |
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Definition
an ethnicity defined by language
second class world of women
low level of women in workplace |
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Term
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Definition
Shari'a: mixed use with western law; varies across states
Two sects: Sunni (90% world pop) and Shi's (10% Iran) |
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Term
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Definition
| Separation of church and state |
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Definition
mostly sunni, non Arabic, own language, own culture
nationalism, and separatist movement
fighting with Turkey |
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Definition
| A religious system of government |
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Definition
Islamic Revolution
Anti Shah/Anti monarchy
Broad Base: communists, secularists, students, mid clas
National referendum replaced monarchy |
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Definition
| Constitution introduced to modern government in Iran |
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Definition
Leader of Iran1979-1989
Prime minister suggested secular constitution, high reputation destroyed
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Definition
| refers to conflict between sects |
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Definition
a state proclaimed in 1967, when part of eastern Nigeria, inhabited chiefly bythe Ibo people, sought independence from the rest of the country. In the ensuing civil war the new state's troops were overwhelmed by numericallysuperior forces, and by 1970 it had ceased to exist.
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Definition
| a member of a people in south eastern Nigeria |
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Definition
| a member of a people of southwestern Nigeria and Benin |
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Definition
| term describing the people of west Africa |
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Term
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Definition
economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government, and is not included in that government's Gross National Product (GNP), as opposed to a formal economy.
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| a human geographical term designating the region of central Nigeria populated largely by minority ethnic groups and stretching across the country longitudinally. The Middle Belt is indeterminate in that it lacks designated "borders" and is charactized by a heterogeneity and diversity of peoples and cultures |
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Definition
| High ranking title in Iran. what the grand ayatollah says is what goes |
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Term
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Definition
| was a political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan terrorists known as the Contras. |
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Term
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Definition
| was the domestic security and intelligence serviceof Iran from 1957 to 1979. It has been described as Iran's "most hated and feared institution" prior to therevolution of 1979, because of its torture and execution of regime opponents. |
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Term
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Definition
| reforms in Iran launched in 1963 by the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Muhammad Reza Shah’s reform program was built especially to strengthen those classes that supported the traditional system. The Shah advertised the White Revolution as a step towards modernization, but there is little doubt that the Shah also had political motives |
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Definition
| a Haitian political coalition headed by René Préval, who served as president from 1996 to 2001. The name Lespwa is the Haitian Creole form of the French l'espoir, meaning "hope" |
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Term
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Definition
Began with an uprising that called for broader public participation, which in turn sparked a coup led by a combination of the military and civilian groups
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Definition
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti
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Definition
| a transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country. |
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Definition
| It was a Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959, which reported directly toFrançois 'Papa Doc' Duvalier and his son, Jean-Claude, until the younger Duvalier's ouster in 1986. The new government disbanded the VSN, but some acted as insurgents against it. |
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Definition
| laws in apartheid South Africa that required Africans to carry identity books in which were stamped the permits required for them to travel between countryside and cities |
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Definition
| areas reserved for exclusive African occupation. Established through the provisions of the 1913 and 1936 land legislation |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to laborers who move to another location |
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Definition
| South African usage refers to a segregated residential area reserved for Africans, during apartheid tightly controlled and constituted mainly by public housing |
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Definition
| a system of controls that regulated African movement between cities and between towns and the countryside, enforcing residence in the homelands and restricting African choice of employment |
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Term
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Definition
| constitutional arrangements to ensure that the major political parties share executive authority. These can include mandatory coalitions and allocation of senior official positions between parties |
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Term
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Definition
| a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule |
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Term
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Definition
| the lifting or relaxation of government controls over the economy, including the reduction of import taxes and the phasing out of subsidized prices for producers and consumers |
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