• maintain security and order
• protect private property
• provide for general welfare
• make and enfore collective decisions
• protect individual autonomy

• severe discrimination against White and Asian students (CEO)

• median household income has gone down 2.3% in last year

constitutional, representative democracy

(or constitutional republic)

• Bill of Rights
• Supreme Court rulings
• checks and balances

• Articles of Confederation (1777)
• British colonial rule
• diverging interests between colonies and Britain

• abrogated power of representative bodies
• imposing taxes without consent
• depriving colonists of trial by jury
• military power superior to civil power

• states retained sovereignty
• states could conduct their own foreign relations, currency, interstate affairs
• nation govt had no power to collect revenue
• no executive branch

• Annapolis Convention (1786)
• Shay's Rebellion (1786-87)
• delegates met in Philadelphia in May 1787

• strengthen national government 
• state power vs. national power
• internal checks on government power
• apportionment & representation (

• Big States vs. Small States
• Bicameral legislature
• House: proportional
• Senate: 2 from each state

• slavery still allowed in south
• each slave counts as 3/5th of a person for purpose apportionment in the House

• Legislative powers
• expressed powers: coin money, declare war, regulate interstate commerce
• necessary and proper clause

• formal powers: commander in chief, appointments, treaty, veto, pardons, faithful execution of laws

• no law respecting establishment of religion, nor prohibiting free exercise
• no law abridging freedom of speech or press, right to peaceful assembly, and petition

• security from unwarrantable search and seizure
• need probable cause
• particulary describe place searched and items to be seized

• Rights of accused persons in criminal proceedings
• grand jury
• double jeopardy
• can't bet witness against yourself

• all persons born or naturalized in US are citizens; no law abridging privileges or immunities of citizens (equal protection for all citizens under law)
• get rid of 3/5th compromise

• strong central government
• strong executive branch 

• national government too powerful
• more power needs to be reserved for the states
• Constitution failed to establish limits on authority- insisted on Bill of Rights
• Patrick Henry, Robert Yates

• separate institutions
• really: multiple institutions sharing powers
• horizontal dispersion of power
• checks/balances
• designed to prevent concentration of power in any one branch

• different levels of geovernment
• state and national (local not in constitution)
• vertical dispersion of power

• openly gay men/women allowed to serve in the service
• changing public attitudes
• no evidence of adverse effects

Current Events:

Pennsylvania Electoral College Votes

• pondering Congressional District level allocation
• would move more votes to Republicans since only major cities Dem
• 12-7 GOP instead of 19-0 Dem

• dealing with laws (make, implement, interpret)
• different constituencies, electoral cycles
• bicameral legislature (divided govt)

• corporations have right to engage in electioneering speech
• free speech rights 
• struck down BCRA

• GOP unhappy with current candidates
• Romney, Perry, Cain are frontrunners

• FEMA needed money for disaster response
• House wanted to cut other programs to fund it ($2.7 billion)
• resolved: moving everything to next fiscal year

• 10th Amendment (everything else left to the states)
• powers explicit to national government
• powers explicit to state (intrastate commerce; elections, local govts, criminal law)

• Big Jumps: 1880s, 1930s, 1960s-1970s
• commerce clause interpretation
• "cooperative federalism"
• New Deal = huge jump

Dual Federalism 

(1789-1930s)

• dual sovereignty: states and national
• "nullification doctivne"
• After Civil War, national government became more powerful

• New Deal came into effect
• increased federal power (interpretation of commerce clause)
• Creation of new links: grants in aid, "block grants"

• medical marijuana
• assisted suicide
• gay marriage

• Lopez decision: first of many that enhanced state powers and checked congressional legislation

• protection against government action

• protection against unequal treatment by private sectors

• libel/slander
• copyright infringement
• obscenities
• direct inducement of imminent unlawful conduct
• perjury

• Obama ordered death
• American citizen
• known terrorist

• commander in chief
• apoinments
• treaty
• veto
• pardons
• faithful execution of laws

• going public
• bully pulpit
• agenda setting

• foreign policy (war)
• executive orders
• executive agreements (in place of treaties)
• signing statements

• Jefferson, Jackson, Lincolon, T. Roosevelt, Wilson
• upward trend after New Deal; can't go back
• 1880: first regulatory division (FCC)

• advisors, cabinet, officers, White House staff
• "the president needs help"

• likely effects
• directing implementation/interpretation
• note any unconstitutionalities
• legistlative history (influence future court decisions)

"What does it mean to be American"

-Song

• constitutional patriotism
• liberal nationalist (language, values, religion, race)
• deep diversity (most important)

"What does it mean to be American"

-Warshawsky

• constitutional patriotism
• more than living in US
• assimilating to way of life (that changes with each generation)

"Three Political Cultures"

-Elazar

• individual (urban, NE)
• moral (rural, MW)
• traditional (South)

Federalist #15

-Hamilton

• if govt can't enforce taxes, can't do anything
• borrowing/lending policies will lead to anarchy
• govt must have force behind laws

Federalist #51

-James Madison

• defends proposed structure of government
• no one branch has too much power

Arguing for New Constitution

-Levinson

• framers knew flaw
• doesn't live up to Preamble
• society has changed: women/minorites, technology, expansion
• need referendum now. 

Arguing for Keeping Constitution

-Lane and Oreskes

• Constitution conscience lost
• human nature hasn't changed
• speed bumps to slow down govt, and for compromise
• history: longest lasting democracy
• referendum is unconstitutional

Federalist #46

-Madison

• govt can sustain happiness/protection of citizens
• fed govt can't run without state govt

"In Defense of Prejudice"

-Rauch

• institutions infriging on freedom of speech 
• purism: limit speech to create equality
• pluralism (better): can say what you want about groups of people, etc (protects dissidents)

"The Decision that Threatens Democracy"

-Dworkin

• corporations are not people
• can mislead public 
• corporations are artificial inventions
• corruption of politicians 
• can create monopolies

"Citizens United We Stand"

-Smith 

• PACs spend more on dems (not a Right ruling)
• 28 states already allow it
• federal law already prohibits foreign companies
• how is one different than many?
• lobbying more important to corps.
• labor unions also included

1. all political behavior has a purpose
2. institutions structure politics
3. all politics is collective action
4. Policy Principle: Political Outcomes are the products of individual preference and institutional procedures
5. History Principle: How we got here matters