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| An anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant party. It opposed Catholic candidates for political office because of their supposed ties to the Pope and opposed requiring immigrants to wait 21 years before applying for citizenship. |
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| The sum total of individual beliefs about Political questions. |
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| Activities aiming to shape the choice of leaders and policies. |
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| A device that gauges public opinion by asking people a standard set of questions. |
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| A relatively small group of people who represent the larger group that the pollster wants to study. |
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| A computer picks phone numbers by chance. It is better because it allows pollsters to call people with unpublished numbers or new addresses. |
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| Systems of belief about what government should do. |
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| The process by which people gain their opinions and knowledge about politics. |
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| Requirements that people had to pay a certain sum to vote, which kept poor people from the polls. |
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| Requires citizens to enter their names on a government list before voting in elections. |
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| A law passed by congress which says that states must offer voter registration when people apply for services such as driver`s licenses. |
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| A organization that seeks to influence public policy. |
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| A groups whose passions or interests are in favor of the rights of other citizens or to the permanent interests of the community. |
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| The difficulty that happens when an organization gets a good or policy change cannot follow up with the benefits to its own members. If they reap the benefits without being able to deal with the costs of membership, they lack incentives to join. |
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| A good or service that only members of an organization may enjoy. |
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| A requirement that employees join a labor union before the business hires them. |
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| A requirement that an employee join a union after starting employment. |
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| Laws that's forbid union shops and let employees decline membership. |
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| An interest group that aims to seek goals that benefit the broader public, not just its own members. |
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| Ideological Interest group |
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| An interest group with a strong commitment to a particular political philosophy whether liberal, conservative, or libertarian. |
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| A nonprofit organization whose goal is to get benefits for the broader public, not just its own members. |
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| Political Action Committee |
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| A committee that raises and spends limited hard money to help of oppose candidates. They are not tax-exempt and must follow the contribution limits and disclosure rules. Most of them represent business such as the bank of America Pac |
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| This is one way around the rules. These tax-exempt organizations operate under Section 527 of the federal tax code to raise funds for activities such as voter turnout and issue advocacy. |
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| Nonprofit groups exempt from federal tax under the part of the internal revenue Code that can take part in some political activities , depending on the type of group. The other groups that have religious, charitable etc. purposes have to refrain from partisan activities, although they may help register voters. Ex. Foundation. The other groups are social welfare organizations that may undertake political activities if theses do not become their main purpose. |
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| A research organization ,usually nonprofit, that issues statements and reports on policy issues. |
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| An unfavorable way to characterize those who stand to gain or lose more from a public policy. |
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| National Labor Relations Act ( Wagner Act) |
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| This law set up the new relations board to protect organizing and encourage collective bargaining. |
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| The 1947 law that curbed union power in many ways, including a ban on closed shops. |
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| American federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations ( AFL-CIO) |
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| The leading group of American labor, an organization of 56 unions and their 11 million members. |
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| The broad general public. Interest groups often seek this kind of support. |
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| An individual whose job is to influence policymakers on behalf of an interest group. |
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| A lobbyist on a group`s payroll. |
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| A lobbyist who works at outside law firms or consulting companies, and takes on interest groups as clients. |
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| Talking with officials( that they are trying to persuade)of the executive branch, lawmakers, and their aides; offering issue analysis, and supplying drafts of proposed bills. |
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| The interchange of employees between government and the private sector. |
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| An interest group tactic of enlisting the support of people with strong local influence or a personal connection to lawmakers. |
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| An interest group effort to sway public opinion through broadcast advertisements. |
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| A Political action Committee that is under sponsorship of a corporation, union, or trade association and may get contributions only from people with connections to the parent organizations. Ex. members, employees, shareholders. |
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| A Political Action Committee that is not under a sponsorship of an organization and may get contributions from anyone who may lawfully give to federal campaigns. |
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| The practice of combining a large number of small contributions into one group. Even though the views are seen as one contribution, each check counts separately for the purposes of campaign finance limits. |
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| Money that influences federal elections but does not have contribution limits under the Federal Election Campaign Act. The 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act banned soft money contributions to political Parties. |
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| Campaign money that has contribution limits under the Federal Election Campaign Act. |
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| A document filed by an individual or group that is not a party to a legal case, which gives info that helps the court in deliberations. Interest groups use these to influence court decisions. |
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| the outpouring of "grassroots" sentiment that an interest group manufactures. |
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| The movement of parties away from each other and toward more extreme issue positions. |
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| A Political group that trys to elect its members to public office. |
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| The voters who want to support a certain party. |
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| The structure of party officers and workers who try to influence elections. |
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| Those who win office under the party label. |
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| Democratic- Republican Party |
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| One of he two original major parties. It is also another name for the republicans. It became dominant after the fall of the federalists. Certain parts of the party formed the Democratic party. |
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| One of the first two major parties, which included Adams and Hamilton. It dominated American politics in the early years but fell into rapid decline at the start of the 19th century. |
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| A pattern of party loyalty in the electorate in which certain regions, interests, or social groups line up with one party or another. It usually happens with the party with the most political power for a certain period, the party that is in most control of the government. |
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| Sudden and permanent shifts in a pattern. |
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| A political party other than the two major parties. It may be either a short-lived movement that gains significant support or a longer-lasting movement that gets little. |
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| A meeting of political party members. In congress, it refers to the formal organization of House members or senators who belong to the same party. |
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| The granting of jobs, contracts, and other official favors in return for loyalty to an individual leader or political party. |
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| A party that lasted from the 1830s to 1850s. It firmly supported economic development but split over the issue of slavery. |
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| A short-lived political party of the 1840s and 1850s that opposed immigration. A.K.A. The Know Nothing Party |
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| A party organization, usually in a city, that uses patronage to ensure its local dominance. |
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| A Political party of the 1890s that favored inflation to help farmers at the expense of city dwellers. |
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| A reformist party that nominated president Theodore Roosevelt as its standard- bearer in the 1912 presidential election. |
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| An election that determines who runs in the final or general election. |
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| A 19th century way of voting where each party printed a list of candidates. People who vote by putting a party`s list in this box. |
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| A government published ballot that lists all lawful nominees for office. It lets voters make their choices in private and to choose nominees from different parties for different offices. |
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| Voting in any given election for candidates of different political parties for different offices. |
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| The voter support form of the Democratic Party, which took form during FDR`s administration. It included southerners, Jews, Catholics, African Americans, people with roots Southern and Eastern Europe, union members, poor people, artists etc. |
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| One party holds presidency while the other controls at least one chamber of Congress. |
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| A self-reported feeling of attachment to a political party. |
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| A formal declaration of party affiliation. In most states it is necessary to register in a party in order to vote in party primaries. |
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| A primary in which only voters who formally register with the political party may vote. |
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| A primary in which party members can only vote in their primary, but unaffiliated voters can vote in either party`s primary. |
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| A primary in which any voter can cast a ballot in any party`s primary. |
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| A primary in which any voter can cast a ballot in any party`s primary. |
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| A primary in which a single ballot displays candidates for all parties` nominations for all offices. Voters may choose a democrat for one office, a Democrat for another, and so on. It is seen b the court as a violation of freedom of assoc. |
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| A Democratic National Convention delegate who is not chosen in a primary or a caucus, and who may vote for any candidate for the nomination. Most of them gain status by being current or former party leaders and elected officials. |
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| A statement of party issue positions. |
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| A vote in which a majority of one party votes against a majority of the other. |
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| A minor party draws its voters mainly from one major party and tipping elections to the other major party. |
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| They elect only one member to a legislative body. |
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| A step that allows citizens to draft their own legislation and get it on the ballot through a petition. |
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| A process in which people may gather signatures to allow the voters to accept or reject measures that the legislature has passed. |
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| A vote that takes place when a state legislature sends measures to the people for their approval. |
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| Special elections in which voters in some states may remove officeholders before their regular terms expire. |
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| The process of state and federal races, each candidate`s party appears on the ballot. |
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| An election un which ballots list the candidates` names without their party affiliation. |
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| An election for final selection of a variety of offices. |
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| Candidates from different parties appear on different ballots. Voters elect candidates for the general election. |
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| A primary in some states in which the top finishers face off if no one wins a majority in the first-round partisan primary. |
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| Race in which candidates run not in districts but in an entire state, county, city, or town. |
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| Race in which candidates run not in districts but in an entire state, county, city, or town. |
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| The drawing of boundaries for legislative districts, which usually takes place after the federal census. This is done by packing its vote into a few districts where lopsided elections waste voting strength, cracks or fragments its remaining vote among districts, merges the district of its lawmakers or isolates its lawmakers from their bases of support by putting them in new districts with fewer voters. |
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| Majority-Minority district |
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| An election district in which members of an ethnic or racial minority makes up a majority of votes. |
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| The practice of scheduling presidential primaries and caucuses at earlier and earlier dates. |
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| It consists of 538 members or electors. Each state has a number of electors equal to the number of its U.S. senators and House members. The electors meet in their own state and vote for President or vice president. To win a candidate must have a majority of the electoral votes. |
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| The presidential candidate who wins most of a state`s popular votes will win all of its electoral votes. |
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| Congressional candidates of the same party may get more votes than they would if they weren`t. |
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| Elections that take place in even numbered years when there is no residential election. |
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| Voting for candidates of different parties for different offices in the same election. |
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| Efforts to motivate supportive voter groups to turn out in higher numbers. |
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| The person who currently holds the office that is up for election. |
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| The electoral benefits that come with holding office, such as visibility and staff. ex. Fundraising. |
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| An endorsement of candidates` policies, which in turn give them the moral authority to put those policies into practice. |
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| What was David`s argument about social movements? |
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| They bring about disruption, change people`s minds and cause them to think about a certain issue differently, bring about social change and attention to people to convince them that they need to do something about an issue, they expand conflict and mobilize allies, they can change the make up of a policy. Civil mobilization has caused social movement activism to go up and support more political action. |
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| What are the arguments that Martin Luther King made and how do they relate to his perception of what makes an effective social movement? |
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| He argued that everything that Hitler did was legal and if the law is not changed people will take advantage of other illegal. The purpose of social movements was to promote non-violent tension and make the government do something about the violence? |
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| What was the argument of proportional representation? |
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| It would help more candidates to be able to be represented and make sure that no one is left out, it would eliminate gerrymandering( people being cheated out of seats), allow more women to be represented and go into office, everyone would have a fair share of seats. |
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| What are some advantages and disadvantages of interests groups? |
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| They influence public policy, cause people to lean more to a common aim, give money to charities and organizations. Disadvantages are that they are not always successful at influencing public policy, they are subject to the rights of citizens and interests of the community, they can be a faction because they do not follow up with the actual means of citizenship and deliberation. |
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| The spending is not coordinated with the campaign, favors corporate interests, tried to stop campaign reform regulation. |
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| Citizen`s United Decision |
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| It tossed out corporate and union ban on independent expenditures and financing electioneering communications. It let corporates and unions spend unlimited amounts on ads and political tools for the election or defeat of individual candidates. It was a 5-4 decision they said that corporates and unions could spend how ever much they wanted to convince people to vote for or against a candidate. |
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