Term
| what is the theory of endosymbiosis? |
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Definition
| according to the theory, energy producing bacteria may have come to reside within a larger bacteria. eventually evolving into what we now call mitochondria. an ancestral eukaryotic cell came along and engulfed a bacteria because it was hungry, for some reason the bacteria did not get digested. the bacteria and eukaryotic cell then formed a symbiotic relationship, eventually the eukaryotic cell became dependent on the bacteria. endosymbiosis is the bacterium living inside the cell the bacteria was doing cellular respiration for the cell, by taking food molecules and breaking them down to make ATP for the cell. the bacteria is protected by the eukaryotic cell. the host depended on the symbiont for Hydrogen under anaerobic conditions and was later able to adapt to an oxygen rich atmosphere using the symbionts respiratory pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| chloroplasts are likely derived from a single line of cyanobacteria but the organisms that host these chloroplasts are not monophyletic. red and green algae obtained there chloroplasts by engulfing photosynthetic cyanobacteria. the brown algae most ikely obtained their chloroplasts by engulfing one or more red algae, which is secondary symbiosis. |
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Term
| what is the evidence for endosymbiosis |
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Definition
symbiotic relationships today
mitochondria and chloroplasts contain their own DNA which is similar to the bacteria in size and character
mitochondria still have their own genome wimilar to bacteria
ribosome in mitochondria and chloroplast is similar to bacteria
double membrane
binary fission of mitochondria and chloroplasts
4 membranes around brown algae divided by binary fission |
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Term
| how did the nucleus, ER, and Golgi evolve? |
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Definition
| these organelles evolved because of the infolding of the plasma membrane, the infolded membrane broke away from the plasma membrane so that the DNA became surrounded by pieces of broken away plasma membrane. |
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Term
| general biology of protists |
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Definition
variety of cell surfaces, cellulose, prtoein, silica, calcium carbonate
locomote by either flagella, pseudopodia, or flagellum. cyst formation is a dormant form of cell with a resistant outer covering. |
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Term
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Definition
employ all forms but chemoautotrophic
phototrophs- photosynthesis
heterotrophs
phagotrophs- eat smaller food particles or smaler cells ( lysosomes)
osmotrophs- feed on liquid food
mixotrophs- can do both photosynthesis and eat. |
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Term
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Definition
typicall reproduce asexually
binary fission
budding- daughter cell is smaller than parent and then grows to adult size.
schizogony- split, common among protists, cell division is proceeded by many nuclear divisions. it divides its nucleus over and over again and then bursts and at the end you have multiple cells. cytokinesis produces several individuals simultaneosly.
they reproduce in times of stress to produce genetic variation, if they are not doing well in the environment there in then there is no use in making more copies of themselves, binding DNA with another gives offspring a different genotype and possibly will be more successful at surviving in the environment
schizogony |
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Term
| what is the advantage of sexual reproduction |
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Definition
| to produce genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
2 flagella
photsynthetic
marine and freshwater
cellulose protective coats
produce food in ocean
bioluminescent (attract smaller organisms or scare off predators)
involved in red tides ( overgrowth of dinoflagellates) |
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Term
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Definition
eukaryote
move by flagellum
mixotrophs- can lose chloroplasts and engulf food
stigma senses light
pellicle- contract the cell to move around- some auto, hetero, and mixo |
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Term
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Definition
macronucleus, micronucleus, divide DNA into different nuclei by conjugation
exchange micronuclei
unicellular
gullet
vacuoles to ingest food and regulate water balance
ciliated
cytoproct- exocytosis vesicle |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular
double shells
photsynthetic, they are important photosynthesizers!
made of silica
move by raphes
when they reproduce they break out of shells and then form new shells
intricate pattern on pores that exchange substances with the environment
stramenophila |
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Term
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Definition
paraphyletic
dont have code test or covering on them
do not have a clade |
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Term
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Definition
multi nucleate
no cell walls or membranes around nucleus
when they run out of food they make spores
have a multicellular stage
they move through soil and ingest bacteria
indivdiuals aggregate and form moving mass (slug) when food become sscarce
the slug grows extensions which forms spores. |
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Term
| what is the life cycle of a plasmodium |
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Definition
| While feeding on you, mosquito injects plasmodium sporozoites into human while trying to suck blood out, needs to put saliva into you so your blood will clot. If mosquito is infected with plasmodium, then it will inject sporozoites, the sporozoites go to the liver and inside the liver cells they divide into a different stage called merozoites which rupture from the liver cell. They travel through blood stream and each one can infect a red blood cell where they divide and then break out and then infect more. This is asexual reproduction, one sporozoite can asexually reproduce to millions of merozoites, some might develop into a gametozyte which is a gamete cell. A person now has malaria, with fevers and chills and if there was one mosquito in the environment that gave it, many others must have it so they must be able to be bitten again, another mosquito sucks up the blood gametocytes go into the digestive system, fertilize when they fuse make an egg Oocyte and can sexually divide into sporozoites. Sexual reproduction happens inside the mosquito. Plasmodium protozoists must go through a lot of a sexual reproduction to be successful because. After a sporozite infects a cell it can grow in 6 days to produce 30 to 40 thousand, from one liver cell, the merozoites infect red blood cells and in 48 hours produces between 8 and 24 daughter cells from each red blood cell. to be successful the plasmodium has to invade so many of your blood cells so it has a chance to be sucked up by other mosquitos. Depends on two hosts. Different stages make it difficult to find a vaccine. plasmodium causes malaria. |
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