Term
| What are macromolecules comprised of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the macromolecules determine in a cell? |
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Definition
| Its shape, structure, and function |
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Term
| What "small" molecules are found in cells? |
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Definition
| Oxygen, water, monosaccharides, ribose, ATP, vitamins, amino acids |
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Term
| What are the four classes of macromolecules? |
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Definition
| Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, lipids |
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Term
| What are the protein functions/types? |
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Definition
Motor proteins(myosin)
Enzymes(catalysts)
Signal Transduction(membrane receptors)
Transport
Regulatory(controls transcription,etc.)
Structural(cytoskeleton) |
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Term
| What are the monomers of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The protein complement of an organism(or organelle) |
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Term
| What is the structure of an amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of bonds connect amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What groups of an amino acid form the actual peptide bond? |
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Definition
| The carboxyl of one AA and the amino group of the subsequent AA |
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Term
| What catalyzes peptide bond formation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does peptide bond formation occur? |
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Definition
| Cytosol, Rough E.R., and mitochondria (chloroplasts in plants) |
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Term
| What is lost from each A.A. during peptide bond formation? What is formed from it? |
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Definition
| One A.A. loses OH, the other loses H. Water is formed. |
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Term
| Onto what terminus are amino acids built? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary structure is maintained by what type of bonds and where? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between nearby peptide bonds. |
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Term
| What maintains the shape of an alpha helix? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between every 4th peptide bond. |
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Term
| Where are the R-groups oriented in an alpha helix? |
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Definition
| Toward the outside of the helix |
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Term
| What restrictions in amino acids do alpha helices have? |
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Definition
| No more than 3 consecutive identical charges, no proline(it has no H on nitrogen) |
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Term
| How are beta strands held together? |
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Definition
| Hydrogen bonds between peptide bonds |
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Term
| On what part of the protein do alpha helices tend to be? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is tertiary structure? |
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Definition
| Proteine structure maintained by interactions between R-groups |
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Term
| What types of bonds/interactions are primarily responsible for tertiary structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What covalent bonds occur in tertiary protein structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non-covalent bonds occur in tertiary structure? |
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Definition
| Ionic, hydrogen, van der waals |
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Term
| What amino acid forms sulfide bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is quaternary structure of proteins? |
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Definition
| Individual proteins bond together to form a larger structure. |
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Term
| How is quaternary structure maintained? |
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Definition
| Interactions between R-groups of the separate proteins(as well as hydrophobic interactions) |
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Term
| What accounts for the coiled-coil protein's unique structure? |
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Definition
| A sequence of 7 amino acids which repeats. |
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Term
| Where are coiled-coil proteins found? |
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Definition
| Myosin, kinesin, and some transcription factors |
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Term
| What bonding/interactions are responsible for the quaternary structure of coiled-coil proteins? |
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Definition
| Hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonding |
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Term
| What is a conformational change? |
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Definition
| A change in shape when the protein functions |
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Term
| What is an example of a conformational change? |
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Definition
| Ca ATPase requires phosphorylation to form a selective pore. |
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Term
| What is a protien domain? |
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Definition
| A unit within a protein that folds upon itself and has a specific function |
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Term
| What is an example of a protein domain? |
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Definition
| Ca ATPase has 4 domains: one drives transport, one is phosphorylated, one binds nucleotide, one forms pore |
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Term
| What are 2 types of post-translational modifications? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylation and Glycosylation |
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Term
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Definition
| Addition of a phosphate to a protein. Phosphate usually donated by ATP. |
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Term
| What enzymes are involved in phosphorylation, and what do they do? |
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Definition
| Kinase adds phosphate, Phosphotase removes protein. |
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Term
| What amino acids can be phosphorylated? Why? |
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Definition
| Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Aspartic acid. They all contain OH groups. |
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Term
| How does phosphorylation affect tertiary and quaternary structure? |
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Definition
| Adding phosphate adds a 2- charge, in turn changes how the region reacts to water and other regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Addition of a carbohydrate(usually oligosaccharide) to a protein |
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Term
| In what organelles does glycosylation occur? |
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Definition
| Rough E.R. and Golgi (enzymatically) |
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Term
| How is having a carb advantageous to a protein? |
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Definition
- Helps attain proper shape
- Slows down the degradation(in lysosomes esp.)
- Can direct protein to proper cellular location
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Term
| What side of the membrane is the carb located, that is attached to the protein(glycoprotein)? Why? |
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Definition
| The lumenal side. The enzyme that adds the carb is located on the lumenal side of the membrane. |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of a monosaccharide? |
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Definition
- Carbon backbone(3-7)
- Carbonyl group
- Many hydroxyl groups
- 1:2:1 C:H:O
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Term
| What differentiates alpha and beta glucose monomers? |
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Definition
| On Carbon 1, alpha glucose has H above OH, while beta glucose has OH above H |
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Term
| What is the monomer of starch? What two polymers is starch comprised of? |
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Definition
| Monomer is alpha glucose. Comprised of linear amylose and branched amylopectin |
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Term
| What two glycosidic bonds occur in starch and where? |
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Definition
| Main linkages are alpha 1-4, side chain linkages are alpha 1-6 |
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Term
| What is the function of starch? Where is it found? |
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Definition
| Storage polysaccharide in plants, it is the end product of photosynthesis. Found in chloroplasts and amyloplasts. |
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Term
| What is the overall shape of starch? Where do they cluster(organelle)? |
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Definition
| Starch is a loose coil. It clusters into granules inside plastids. It is also insoluble. |
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Term
| What is glycogen? What is it's function? Where is it located? |
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Definition
| Starch found in animals. It is the main form of carbohydrate storage. Most abundant in liver and muscle. |
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Term
| What is the monomer of glycogen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes glycogen different from plant starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the overall shape of glycogen? |
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Definition
| Loose coil. Water soluble. Coils cluster into granules. |
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Term
| How are beta glycosidic bonds different from alpha glycosidic bonds? |
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Definition
| Beta glycosidic bonds are "flipped" every other one. Caused by alcohol at carbon 1. |
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Term
| Where is cellulose found and what is its function? |
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Definition
| Cellulose is found in plant cell walls, and is the main structural component. |
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Term
| What is the monomer of cellulose? How are they connected? |
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Definition
| Monomer is beta glucose. Connected by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Linear; no side chains! |
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Term
| How are cellulose chains held together? |
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Definition
| Extensive hydrogen bonding along the length of the molecules. |
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Term
| How do cellulose molecules align with one another? |
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Definition
| 60-70 molecules align laterally and form a microfibril. 3-4 microfibrils form a fibril. |
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Term
| On what molecules are complex oligosaccharides found? |
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Definition
| Lipids(glycolipids) and proteins(glycoproteins) |
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Term
| What are some common monosaccharides found in glycolipids and glycoproteins? |
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Definition
| Galactose, glucose, fucose, mannose |
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Term
| To what amino acids are oligosaccharides bonded? In what organelle does each occur? |
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Definition
- Serine and Threonine via OH group. Occurs in golgi.
- Asparagine via NH2. Occurs in ER.
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Term
| What are the monomers of oligosaccharides? |
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Definition
| Several different types, including both alpha and beta glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group |
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Term
| What causes oily vs. gel-like fatty acids(those that have double bonds) |
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Definition
| Oilier fatty acids have cis double bonds, while gel-like have trans double bonds |
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Term
| What are the common number of carbons in fatty acids? What are specific types of each? |
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Definition
- 16: palmitic acid(unsaturated)
- 18: stearic acid(saturated), oleic acid(monounsaturated)
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Term
| How does the cis arranement of fatty acids change its overall shape? |
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Definition
| It created "bends" in the molecule |
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Term
| What are mono-, di-, and tri- glycerides? |
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Definition
| A glycerol with fatty acid chains |
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Term
| What reaction bonds glycerol to the fatty acid? What is removed from each molecule? |
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Definition
| Condensation reaction. H removed from glycerol, OH removed from fatty acid. Oxygen of glycerol bonds to Carbon of fatty acid. |
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Term
| What are the components of a phospholipid? |
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Definition
| Polar head, phosphate, glycerol, 2 fatty acids |
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Term
| What property of phospholipids allow them to form membranes? What causes this? |
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Definition
| Phospholipids are amphipathic. This allows the non-polar tails to face the "middle" of the membrane, while the polar head faces the "water" side of the membrane. |
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Term
| What is the basic structure of cholesterol? |
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Definition
| Mainly carbon and hydrogen, 4 fused rings |
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Term
| What are the functions of cholesterol? |
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Definition
| Structural component of membranes, precursor of steroid hormones(testosterone, estradiol) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sphingosine group with fatty acids. |
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Term
| What is the function of sphingolipids? What property allows this? |
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Definition
| Membrane component, especially in nervous system. They are amphipathic. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of sphingolipids, and what are their components? |
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Definition
- Glycosphingolipid: +carbohydrate
- Sphingomyelin: +phosphate, +choline/ethanolamine
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Term
| What are the general functions of biological membranes? |
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Definition
- "Scaffold" for activities(ETC)
- compartmentalization(lysosomes)
- Response to signals(hormones)
- Selective transport
- Selective permeability
- Intercellular interactions
- Energy transduction(chloroplasts)
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Term
| According to the fluid-mosaic model, what maintains the structure of membranes? |
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Definition
| non-covalent interactions, hydrophobic interactions |
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Term
| What do proteins determine in membranes? |
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Definition
| Specific membrane function |
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Term
| What are the functions of membrane lipids? |
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Definition
- Solvent for protiens
- Barrier to large molecules and charged ions
- Fluidity-- oily and flexible
- Signaling
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Term
| How do lipids move in a membrane? |
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Definition
| Lateral shifts are common, transverse flips are very uncommon |
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Term
| What is the function of cholesterol in membranes? |
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Definition
- Slows down movement of small polar molecules(water) in membranes
- Makes membranes more pliable
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Term
| What are "lipid rafts"? What is their function? |
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Definition
Regions of membrane where cholesterol and sphingolipids are concentrated, membrane is thicker.
Certain proteins are associate w/ these regions, like Alkaline Phosphatase, and signal transduction |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of transmembrane(integral) protieins? |
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Definition
- Have a region that spans the membrane(usually alpha helix)
- Asymmetric in structure and function
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Term
| What are the types of membrane proteins? |
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Definition
| Transmembrane, peripheral, lipid-anchored |
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