Term
Information encoded in __________ specifies the sequence of amino acids in proteins and it involves two vital processes - __________ and __________.
__________ -> __________ -> __________
Thus DNA is __________ from RNA and mRNA is __________ to form a __________ |
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Definition
1) DNA
2) Transcription
3) Translation
4) DNA -> RNA -> Protein
5) Transcribed
6) Translated
7) Polypeptide |
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Term
Pre-mRNA is modified in several ways before exiting the nucleus.
What are the four primary phases that occurs during post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA? |
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Definition
1) Capping
2) Polyadenylation
3) Introns
4) Transportation |
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Term
The first phase of post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA is __________.
In this phase, enzymes add a __________ __________ to the 5' end. The Cap is in the form of 7-methlyguanosine linked to the mRNA transcript by __________ phosphate groups. |
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Definition
1) Capping
2) 5' cap
3) Three (3) |
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Term
The second phase of post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA is __________.
In this phase, the addition of a __________-__________-__________ to the 3' end result in enzymes cutting the mRNA molecule at the site. 100-250 __________ nucleotides are added to the 3' end to help export mRNA from the __________ and to stabilize against degradation. |
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Definition
1) Polyadenylation
2) Poly-A-tail
3) Adenine
4) Nucleus |
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Term
The third phase of post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA is __________.
In this phase, __________(non-coding) are removed while the __________(coding) are spliced together. |
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Definition
1) Introns
2) Introns
3) Exons |
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Term
The fourth and final phase of post-transcriptional modification of eukaryotic mRNA is __________.
In this final phase, the mature __________ is transported to the __________ and then __________ occurs. |
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Definition
1) Transportation
2) mRNA
3) Cytosol
4) Translation |
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Term
The process of translation translates "nucleic acid language" (__________) to "amino acid language" (__________).
Amino acids are joined by __________ bonds. |
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Definition
1) RNA
2) Protein
3) Peptide |
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Term
| After transcription we have mRNA. During translation we need to make proteins. Which molecule bridges the gape between mRNA and proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| An __________ __________ is attached to the __________ before being put together in a polypeptide. |
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Definition
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Term
tRNA is the __________ molecule which consists of __________ loops (__________-__________ nucleotides total).
Each specific tRNA molecule contains a __________-__________ that is specific for one amino acid.
tRNA also contain an __________ __________ which has a complementary three base set which will bind to the codon on mRNA.
tRNA is recognized by an __________-__________ synthase that adds the correct amino acid.
tRNA is also recognized by __________. |
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Definition
1) Decoding
2) Three (3)
3) 70-80
4) Binding site
5) Anti-codon
6) Aminoacyl-tRNA
7) Ribosomes |
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Term
When mRNA has reached the __________, it is then further produced into a __________.
-__________ are coupled to mRNA codons
-__________ bonds are catalyzed between amino acids. |
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Definition
1) Cytoplasm
2) Polypeptide
3) tRNAs
4) Peptide |
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Term
The __________ is composed of two (2) subunits, one large and small.
Each subunit contains __________ and __________. |
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Definition
1) Ribosome
2) rRNA
3) Proteins |
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Term
There are a total of four binding sites on the ribosome (__________ for tRNA; __________ for mRNA).
-The __________ __________ is where the __________-__________ is delivered and the area where the next amino acid sequence binds.
-The __________ __________ is the __________ site where tRNA holds the growing polypeptide chain.
-The __________ __________ is the __________ __________ where tRNAs that have delivered their amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain exit the ribosome.
The __________ __________ is the area where the __________ binds on the small ribosomal subunit. |
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Definition
1) Four (4)
2) One (1)
3) A Site
4) Aminoacyl-tRNA
5) P Site
6) Peptidyl
7) E Site
8) Exit site
9) mRNA site
10) mRNA |
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Term
| What does the large subunit of ribosomes have more of? |
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Definition
| 1) The large subunit has a greater amount of binding sites (three total; the E,P, and A sites). |
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Term
__________ has a catalytic function and does not transfer information.
It is composed in the __________ in prokaryotes and in the __________ in eukaryotes. |
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Definition
1) rRNA
2) Cytoplasm
3) Nucleolus |
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Term
__________ is the first stage of translation in which initiation factors bind to __________ in the region of __________ (start codon).
The initiator __________ bears the 1st amino acid of the polypeptide (__________).
The initiation complex is complete when the large and small ribosomal subunits bind to one another and the __________ __________ are released. |
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Definition
1) Initiation
2) mRNA
3) AUG
4) tRNA
5) Methionine
6) Initiation factors |
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Term
The second stage of translation is __________ which is a cyclic process that adds __________ __________ one by one to the growing polypeptide chain.
The process proceeds in the __________ -> __________ along mRNA.
The polypeptide chain grows from its __________ end to its __________ end.
Occurs in approximately 18 seconds (__________) and about one (1) minute (___________). |
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Definition
1) Elongation
2) Amino acids
3) 5' -> 3'
4) Amino
5) Carboxyl
6) Bacteria
7) Eukaryotes |
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Term
In the second stage of translation, the __________-__________ recognizes the codon in the __________ site and binds there by base pairing its anticodon with the complementary mRNA codon.
(The binding requires several proteins called __________ __________ and the required energy comes from __________).
The __________ group of the amino acid at the A site is aligned with the __________ group of the preceding amino acid attached to the growing polypeptide chain at the __________ site.
__________ bonds form between the amino group of the new amino acid and the carboxyl group of the preceding amino acid and the polypeptide is released from tRNA at the __________ site and attaches to the aminoacyl-tRNA at the __________ site. This reaction is __________ and the enzyme required is __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Aminoacyl-tRNA
2) A
3) Elongation factors
4) GTP
5) Amino
6) Carboxyl
7) P
8) Peptide
9) P
10) A
11) Spontaneous
12) Peptidyl transferase |
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Term
The final stage is translation is __________ and it occurs when __________ reach one of the three stop codons.
The __________ site binds to release factors which triggers the release of a complete polypeptide chain and dissociation of translation complex. |
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Definition
1) Termination
2) Ribosomes
3) A |
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Term
| Is post-transcriptional modification of mRNA observed in prokaryotes? |
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Definition
| 1) No, because they don't possess a nucleus. There is also an absence of introns within prokaryotes. |
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Term
| What are the two ribosomal subunits composed of? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the location of translation in eukaryotes?
Where is the location of termination? |
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Definition
1) In the nucleus
2) In the cytoplasm |
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Term
Post-transcriptional modification of mRNA while it is still in the nucleus includes all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Capping
b. Polyadenylation
c. Removal of introns
d. Addition of nucleotides to the 3' end |
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Definition
| 1) d. Addition of nucleotides to the 3' end |
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Term
The tRNA:
a. Must be recognized by ribosomes
b. Must have an anticodon
c. Must have an attachment site for the amino acid
d. Must be recognized by a specific aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that adds the correct amino acid
e. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Introns are non-coding regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| For eukaryotes rRNA is composed in the __________. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following areas are attached / exist in the large ribosomal subunit?
a. E site
b. P site
c. A site
d. mRNA molecule
e. a, b, c |
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Definition
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Term
| Peptide bonds form between the __________ of the new amino acid and the __________ of the proceeding amino acid. |
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Definition
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Term
__________ are viruses that synthesize DNA from an RNA template
The flow of genetic information is reversed by an enzyme called __________ __________.
HIV-1 is a virus that causes __________ and is a __________. |
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Definition
1) Retroviruses
2) Reverse transcriptase
3) AIDS
4) Retrovirus |
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Term
A __________ is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
A __________ __________ alters or destroys the function of a protein if a codon changes so that it specifies a different amino acid (__________ __________) or becomes a stop codon __________ __________).
Base substitution is less harmful if the __________ __________ is not altered or if the codon is changed to specify a chemically similar amino acid. |
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Definition
1) Mutation
2) Base alteration
3) Missense mutation
4) Nonsense mutation
5) Amino acid |
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Term
| A __________ __________ is insertion or deletion of one or two base pairs in a gene that invariably destroys the function of that protein and changes the codon sequence downstream from the mutation. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ are movable DNA sequences that jump into the middle of a gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ replicate by forming an RNA intermediate; __________ __________ converts them to their original DNA sequence before they jump into a gene. |
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Definition
1) Retrosposons
2) Reverse transcriptase |
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