Term
| What is the function of epithelial tissue in invertebrates and vertebrates? |
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Definition
-protects underlying tissues
-specialized sensory or respiratory functions |
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Term
| What is the outer epithelium specialized to do? |
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Definition
| -to secrete lubricants or adhesive & odorous or poisonous substances |
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Term
| What does the epithelial tissue in invertebrates consist of? |
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Definition
| -cuticle (made of chitin)-protective shell secreted by outer epithelium |
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Term
| What develops from the integumentary system of vertebrates? |
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Definition
-skin and structures
-Mammalian skin includes hair, claws/nails, sweat glands, oil glands, sensory receptors |
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Term
| What are the function of feathers and hair of mammals? |
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Definition
-forms insulating layer
-helps maintain constant body temp |
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Term
| What is the function of epidermis? |
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Definition
| protects body from outer environment |
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Term
| What two layers is the epidermis made of? |
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Definition
-stratum corneum
-stratum basale |
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Term
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Definition
-most superficial layer of epidermis
-consists of dead cells fill with keratin |
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Term
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Definition
-insoluble protein
-gives mechanical strength to skin
-reduces water loss |
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Term
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Definition
-cells divide, are pushed up to skin surface
-cells mature, flatten, produce keratin
-eventually die and slough off |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of dense, fibrous connective tissue
-rests on layer of subcutaneous tissue (composed largely of insulating fat) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the skeletal system? |
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Definition
-supports and protects the body
-transmits mechanical forces generated by muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-fluid in closed body compartment
-transmits forces generated by contractile cells or muscle
-found in soft-bodied invertebrates (cnidarians, flatworms, annelids) |
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Term
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Definition
-nonliving skeleton
-characteristic of mollusks & arthropods
-doesn't grow, arthropods must molt periodically |
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Term
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Definition
-exoskeleton
-composed partly of chitin
-jointed for flexibility
-adapted for many lifestyles |
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Term
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Definition
-consists of living tissue
-can grow
-found in echinoderms and chordates |
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Term
| main divisions of the vertebrate skeleton |
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Definition
| axial skeleton & appendicular skeleton |
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Term
| What does the axial skeleton consist of? |
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Definition
-skull
-vertebral column
-rib cage
-sternum |
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Term
| What does the appendicular skeleton consist of? |
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Definition
-limbs
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle |
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Term
| Structure of a typical long bone |
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Definition
consists of:
-a thin outer shell of compact bone surrounding inner spongy bone
-a central cavity that contains bone marrow
-epiphysis: tip of the bone
-metaphysis: between the epiphysis and diaphysis, usually cartilage, where bones grow
-diaphysis: main shaft of the long bone |
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Term
| development of the long bone |
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Definition
| develops from cartilage templates during endochondral bone development, getting longer (at metaphysis) |
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Term
| development of bones other than long bones (such as flat bones of the skull) |
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Definition
develop from noncartilage connective tissue model by intramembranous bone development, adds girth
-layer of cells surrounding compact (hard) bones are adding to bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cells that break down bone to release calcium/phosphorous into body
-if too much calcium is take, osteoporosis occurs |
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Term
| How do osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together? |
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Definition
| They work together to shape and remodel bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| junctions of two or more bones |
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Term
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Definition
-dense connective tissue bands
-always join bone to bone
-limit movement in joint (overall purpose) |
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Term
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Definition
1) immovable joints-sutures of the skull, tightly held together, will fuse over time
2) slightly movable joints-joints between vertebrae
3) freely movable joints-enclosed by joint capsule lined with membrane that secretes synovial fluid |
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Term
| How does muscle work on body parts in vertebrates and most invertebrates? |
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Definition
-muscle tissue shortens (contracts)
-moves body parts by pulling on them |
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal (striated), cardiac, & smooth |
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Term
| What type of dense connective tissue hold muscle to bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| vertebrate skeletal muscles |
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Definition
-always in pairs
-pull on tendons
-muscle contraction pulls bone toward or away from the bone with which it articulates
-origin: where the muscle begins, stationary
-point of insertion: point that moves |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal muscles act antagonistically to one another
-agonist: muscle that produces a particular action
-antagonist: produces the opposite movement |
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Term
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Definition
skeletal muscle (such as biceps) are made of hundreds of muscle fibers in groups
-muscle fiber consists of threadlike myofibrils (allow contraction) composed of smaller myofilaments |
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Term
| What is the functional unit of muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the striations of skeletal muscle fibers due to? |
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Definition
| -overlapping actin and myosin filaments |
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Term
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Definition
| contractile unit of actin (thin) and myosin (thick) filaments |
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Term
| List the events that take place during muscle contraction |
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Definition
-acetylcholine release by motor neuron (nerve ending) & binds to receptors on muscle fiber surface
-causes depolarization of sarcolemma, transmission of action potential
-action potential spreads through T tubules release Ca ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum
-Ca ions bind to troponin in actin filaments causing troponin to change shape
-troponin pushes tropomyosin away from binding sites on actin filaments
-ATP binds to myosin, ATP is split, putting myosin in high-energy state (cocked)
-energized myosin heads attach to exposed binding sites on actin filaments forming cross bridges that link myosin and actin filaments
-cross bridge flexes as phosphate is release, power stroke pulls actin filament toward center of sarcomere
-ADP released during power stroke
-myosin head binds a new ATP, lets myosin head detach from actin
-as long as Ca ion concentration remains elevated, new ATP is split and sequence repeats
-myosin reattaches to new active sites, filaments are pulled past one another & muscle continues to shorten |
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Term
| What are the sources for energy in muscle contraction? |
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Definition
| ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen |
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Term
| ATP in muscle contraction |
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Definition
-immediate energy source for muscle contraction
-ATP hydrolysis provides energy to "cock" myosin |
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Term
| creatine phosphate in muscle contraction |
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Definition
| intermediate energy storage compound |
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Term
| glycogen in muscle contraction |
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Definition
-fuel stored in muscle fibers
-starting point for making more ATP |
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Term
| What two things does the contraction of a muscle depend on? |
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Definition
1) number of muscle fibers contracting
2) tension developed by each fiber |
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Term
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Definition
-all skeletal muscle fibers are stimulated by a single motor neuron
-motor recruitment: messages from the brain activate motor neurons
-the more motor units recruited, the stronger the contractions |
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Term
| skeletal muscle responses |
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Definition
-simple twitch: activated by brief electrical stimulus
-summation: 2 twitches add together when 2nd stimulus is received before 1st contraction is complete
-tetanus: smooth, sustained contraction, series of separate stimuli timed close together |
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Term
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Definition
| state of partial contraction, characteristic of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
-specialized for endurance activities
-contract slowly, fatigue slowly, rich in mitochondria, obtain most of ATP from aerobic respiration
-red color due to high myoglobin content (red pigment that stores oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
-specialized for rapid response
-contract fast, have an intermediate rate of fatigue, rich in mito., obtain most ATP from aerobic respiration
-red color due to high myoglobin content |
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Term
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Definition
-generate high power for a brief period
-contract fast, fatigue quickly, have few mitochondria, use glycolysis as a major pathway for ATP synthesis
-white fibers |
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