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Property
Term 1 Property
68
Law
Graduate
11/28/2012

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Term
Possession
Definition
Physical custody and intent to control
Term
Pre-possessory right
Definition
Prior possession can defeat current possession. Prior possessory right is stronger.
Term
Ownership
Definition
Custody, intent to control, and exclusive possession of a good.
Term
Proving intent to control
Definition
Look to conduct and words for evidence of intention
Term
Constructive possession
Definition
Legal possession, although not physical possession
Term
Abandonment
Definition
Voluntarily relinquishing something, with intention to renounce title, and with no intention to reclaim title
Term
Who owns an abandoned good?
Definition
No one.
Term
Onus of proof of abandonment
Definition
The new possessor is responsible to prove that the chattel is indeed abandoned
Term
Finding abandoned property
Definition
One can take possession of abandoned property by taking custody of the item, and intending to possess it.
Term
Armory v. Delamirie
Definition
Chimney sweep boy finds jewel.
The finder of a jewel has more rights than anyone but the rightful owner.
Term
Finder's law
Definition
The finder's right to property is inferior to those with subsisting claims, but superior to claim's that come after it. The first finder has antecedent claim.
Term
Karon v. Cashman
Definition
A sock full of money is found by five boys. Each boy had control of the sock at some point, but never at the time had concurrent intent to possess the sock. The court decided the money was to be split five ways. Control and intent must be concurrent.
Term
Is absolute physical control necessary?
Definition
No. By actions and words you can take control of something.
Term
Parker v. British Airways
Rights of the Finder
Definition
1. Finder has no rights unless object is lost, and the finder takes it into his care and control.
2. Limited Rights if he takes control dishonestly, or by trespassing
3.Finder has the right to keep the property, unless the true owner takes it or one with an antecedent claim.
4. An employee who finds a chattel does so on behalf of his employer
5. A finder has an obligation to do everything possible to find the true owner.
Term
Parker v. British Airways
Rights of the Occupier
Definition
1. Rights superior to those of a finder, if the chattel is under or attached to the building, regardless if the occupier knows of its existence
2. Rights superior is the occupier has a manifest intention to exercise control over the building, express or implied.
3. Responsibility to do everything possible to find owner, and liable to accept liability for what is on his premises
4. Occupier of ship, car, plane etc. similar to that of a building.
Term
Hannah v. Peel
Definition
Soldier in make-shift hospital finds broach on window sill. Soldier keeps broach as true owner of land had no manifest intention over the property.
Term
Millas
Definition
Police officer, found a duffel bag in garbage full of money. Found it when he was not in the course of his employment, so was able to keep the money.
Term
Kowal v. Ellis
Definition
Plaintiff found pump lying on land. Was able to keep pump, as the good was on top of land, and in view from highway. Defendant did not know of pump's existence.
Term
Three elements of perfectly constituted gift.
Definition
1.) Intention to donate
2.) Acceptance
3.) Delivery
Term
Delivery
Definition
Tangible proof of a gift. The physical transfer of a possession from doner to donee. May be actual physical possession, or constructive possession.
Term
Gifts Inter Vivos
Definition
Gifts of the living. Needs intent to give, sufficient mental capacity, acceptance, and delivery.
Term
Irons v. Smallpiece
Definition
Gift between father and son of a horse, failed for lack of proper delivery.
Term
Winter v. Winter
Definition
Barge between father and son. Son acted as owner after promissory words, so the court recognized constructive delivery.
Term
Danby v. Tucker
Definition
Aunt promised niece dishes after she died. Gave her one dish. Court found prior custody of a part can show intent for delivery of the whole.
Term
RE Ridgeway
Definition
Wine promised from father to daughter insufficient delivery, as it was still under fathers control. No gift if its a future gift.
Term
Delivery
Definition
Transfer of legal possession. Can be manual, or if item to large, constructive.
Term
Kilpin v. Ratley
Definition
Mrs. Ratley's father made a deal with his son in law's creditors, and then gave the daughter the furniture. Verbal gifting was deemed sufficient, as the daughter had prior custody of the furniture. Possession satisfied delivery, as well as words acknowledging gift.
Term
Rawlinson v. Mort
Definition
Church organ given by constructive delivery when giving inditia of title. Later put his hand on organ to solidify delivery. Expands delivery to include constructive delivery.
Term
Tellier v. Dujardin
Definition
Piano given as birthday present while she was living at fathers house. She moved out, left piano, and father sold it. Not fathers to give. She had legal title by gifting of piano. Nemo dat. You do not give up legal title to something just because you do not have custody of it.
Term
RE Cole
Definition
Bankrupt man allegedly transfers deed to wife. No legal gift, as not sufficient delivery of title. Clever business man, he would have known how to transfer title legally.
Term
Donatio Mortis Causa
Definition
1. Gift must be made in contemplation of death
2. Delivery
3. Gift will revert to original owner if doner does not die.
Term
Cain v. Moon
Definition
Mom v. widow. For an effective donatio mortis causa the gift needs to be made in contemplation of death, effective delivery, and the gift only takes place if the doner dies. Mom gets the money.
Term
Wilkes v. Allington
Definition
Farmers. Uncle gave nieces deed to farm before death. You do not have to die of exact illness contemplated for a DMC to be effective, and you do not have to completely divest yourself property.
Term
Thompson v. Meechan
Definition
A man with a fear of flying promises car to gf before flight, but does not die on flight. Later dies of a heart attack, and the gf claims the car was a DMC. Court does not allow this, as the DMC needs to be made in contemplation of a proximate death.
Term
Flood Estates v. Labadie
Definition
A man signed on the back of promissory notes, that they were to go to his housekeeper after he died. Court holds not an effective DMC as it was not made in direct apprehension of his death. Labadie only in possession as an agent. Doner must be in extremis at time of making gift.
Term
Saulnier v. Anderson
Definition
Deceased's great niece looked after her. Deceased promised an envelope of money to the niece when she was in hospital. Valid DMC, reigns in the in extremis clause. If one subjectively thinks they will die they can make a DMC. Doner's state of mind important, not actual circumstance's
Term
Bailment
Definition
Transfer of legal possession - delivery of personal property to bailee temporarily, for a specific purpose, to be returned.
Term
Coggs v. Bernard
Definition
The bailee is liable to the owner of the goods to use care when handling bailment, even if not being paid.
Term
Bailee for reward
Definition
High standard of care, even slight negligence makes you liable
Term
Gratuitous bailment
Definition
Still a duty of care owed, but the standard is lower. Liable for gross negligence.
Term
Who has to prove that bailment existed?
Definition
Bailor. Must prove possession and custody has transferred.
Term
Onus shift in bailment
Definition
Once the bailor has proved there was a bailment, and there was a loss, damage, or failure to return, the bailee must prove this was not due to their negligence.
Term
Defense's of a bailee:
Definition
1. They met the standard of care
2. What happened was not due to their negligence, but another cause
3. Standard of care not met, but an exclusionary clause protects them.
Term
Exclusion clause
Definition
Limits liability, read down against the drafter of the clause.
Term
Crawford v. Kingston and Johnston
Definition
Verbal agreement for the care of cows. Court holds the locus of title passed. Once locus of title passes you are the owner, not the bailee.
Term
Title
Definition
Physical possession, and legal control
Term
Parking lot bailment
Definition
Plaintiff must show possession of the car transferred to the defendant. Courts look to who has keys/control, was a ticket used to identify the car, attendant, could plaintiff get car without attendant, did loss occur when attendant had control of the car?
Term
Palmer v. Toronto Medical Arts Building
Definition
P left keys with attendant in parking lot next to medical arts building. Attendant was to leave keys in car. No card, charge, or ticket system. Attendant gone after doctor appt, and so was car. The medical art bulding D had no bailment relationship, no custody of medical arts building of car at any point.
Term
Abbey v. Tolhurst
Definition
P left car in D's car park. Car stolen. Court holds it was a licensee relationship, which has no obligations towards chattel. Possession never transferred, so not relationship of bailment.
Term
Licence
Definition
Grant of authority that one can enter land for a purpose, where it would otherwise be trespass. Legal effect to preclude bringing an action for trespass.
Term
Heffron v. Imperial Parking
Definition
P left car and keys in lot, car stolen. Notice on parking ticket, and signs in lot denying responsibility for theft or damage of goods. Exculpatory clause does not relive you if fundamental breach.
Term
Martin v. Town 'n'Country
Definition
P goes to sadie hawkins at restaurant. Attendant offers to park car, car stolen. No bailment as restaurant had no control over car. Plaintiff never gave up control of car.
Term
Martin v. Town 'n' Country dissent
Definition
Physical possession was taken by employee, as they had keys. Keys = delivery. Restaurant guilty of gross negligence.
Term
Samuel Smith & Son v. Silverman
Definition
P's secretary took company Cadillac to the theater. Found damage occurred while in parking lot. Bailment situation, attendant was negligent, but there was a clear exculpatory clause. Constructive knowledge of exculpatory clause as there was signs and it was on the ticket. Clause excused liability.
Term
Bata v. City Parking Canada
Definition
Parking lot charged fee, ticket given, and keys left with an attendant, but there was a clear exculpatory clause which made it a licensee relationship, not bailee.
Term
Houghland v. RR Low
Definition
Oldies go on vacay by luxury bus. bus breaks down. Luggage lost in transfer from one bus to the next, and court finds RR Low liable due to them not meeting the appropriate standard of care. Standard of care must be of how a reasonably prudent person would treat their own chattel in like circumstance.
Term
Punch v. Savoy
Definition
Ring being repaired by one bailee sent to sub bailee. Head bailor can remedy directly to sub-bailees, right to sue directly
Term
Defense in Punch of business standards
Definition
Did bailor know of standard? If did not know standard they are not bound by it. Standard is not absolute proof that they were not negligent.
Term
Tercon
Definition
Exclusion clauses may still be given effect even if fundamental breach
Term
What if the bailor does not know about the exclusion clause?
Definition
Then they are not bound by it. But even if they are not actually aware of it, they may be constructively bound.
Term
Morris v. C.W. Martin and Sons:
Definition
The bailee is liable for theft of employee, if done in the course of employment. If the employer entrusts a duty to an employee the employer is answerable to how an employee conducts himself.
Term
Letourneau v. Otto Mobiles Edmonton
Definition
Trailer stolen after being parked on adjacent lot to Otto's, as per employees instruction. Bailment established as they put trailer and keys were employee said to. Failed to meet standard of care of a prudent man. Clause n/a
Term
Ferguson v. Birchmount Boarding Kennels Ltd.
Definition
D did not use correct standard of care, failed to use standard of care that the owner of the dog would have. Onus on D to show he used appropriate care. Foreseeable fence would be able to have dog escape, so liable.
Term
Bridges v. Hawkesworth
Definition
A shop keep thought he was entitled to all that was found in his shop. Court held not entitled to envelope of money found in his shop by someone else. No manifest intent to control everything in the store
Term
Grafstein and Holmes
Definition
Employess found a box, employer told them to put it in the basement. Years later the employees go to the box and find money in it. Court holds the employer gets it, as he took it into his care and control.
Term
Hibbert v. McKiernan
Definition
A trespasser 'found' a golden ball on a golf course, court held that since the golf course has a fence, they manifested their intent to control the land. Trespasser does not get ball
Term
Bird v. Fort Francis
Definition
Little boy found money while trespassing, still had the best claim to the money, so he can keep it.
Term
South Staffordshire Water Co. v. Sharman
Definition
Rings found at the bottom of a pool, by pool cleaner. Refused to give to owners of a house. Court made him, even if they did not know of the item, home owners have a better claim to things found on your property.
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