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| What do psychologists study? |
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Definition
| Psychology!-- The human (or nonhuman) brain and human behavior to better understand why we do what we do. |
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| How are psychology and philosophy related? |
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Definition
| Many of the questions that philosophers asked couldn't be answered with just logic, so psychology was born. |
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| What contribution did Wilhelm Wundt make to the developing field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Wilhelm Wundt launched psychology as a lab science in 1879. |
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Term
| What is structuralism? Who is associated with this school of thought? What did it contribute to the field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Structuralism is a school of psychology that aimed to identify the basic elements of psychological experience. It brought about systematic observation that values rigorous and careful reports , not informal impressions. |
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| What is functionalism? Who is associated with this school of thought? What did it contribute to the field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Functionalism aims to understand the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics. Will James and Charles Darwin are associated with functionalism. It contributed using evolution to understand emotions. |
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| What is behaviorism? Who is associated with this school of thought? What did it contribute to the field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Behaviorism is a school of thought that focuses on uncovering the general laws of learning by looking outside the organism. John B. Watson founded behaviorism. Ir warned us of the hazards of relying too heavily on reports that we can't verify objectively. |
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Term
| What is cognitivism? Who is associated with this school of thought? What did it contribute to the field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Cognitivism says that the way we think affects the way we behave. Jean Piaget and Ulric Neisser are associated with cognitivism. It encourages psychologists to look inside the black box, and it has established links with brain functioning. |
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Term
| What is psychoanalysis? Who is associated with it? What did it contribute to the field of psychology? |
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Definition
| Psychoanalysis focuses on internal psychological processes of which we're unaware. Sigmund Freud is associated with it. It contributed an awareness of unconscious thought. |
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Definition
| Refers to study and research on pure science that is meant to increase our scientific knowledge base. This type of research is often purely theoretical with the intent of increasing our understanding of certain phenomena or behavior but does not seek to solve or treat these problems. |
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| Refers to scientific study and research that seeks to solve practical problems. Applied research is used to find solutions to everyday problems, cure illness, and develop innovative technologies. Psychologists working in human factors or industrial/organizational fields often do this type of research. |
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Term
| What is the difference between counseling and clinical psychologists? |
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Definition
| Counseling psychologists use various techniques, including interviewing and testing, to advise people on how to deal with problems of everyday living. They work in settings such as university counseling centers, hospitals, and individual or group practices. Clinical psychologists work most often in counseling centers, independent or group practices, hospitals, or clinics. They help mentally and emotionally disturbed clients adjust to life and may assist medical and surgical patients in dealing with illnesses or injuries. Some clinical psychologists work in physical rehabilitation settings, treating patients with spinal cord injuries, chronic pain or illness, stroke, arthritis, and neurological conditions. Other clinical psychologists help people deal with times of personal crisis, such as divorce or the death of a loved one. |
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| People who believe that certain questions regarding human nature are unanswerable. |
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| Guideline that the best predictor of future behavior is past behavior. |
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| Single-variable explanations: |
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Definition
| Explanations that try to account for complex behaviors in terms of only a single cause. |
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| Overlap among different causes of behavior, often making it difficult to identify which cause or causes are operating. |
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| Rungs on a 'ladder' of explanation, with lower levels tied most closely to biological influences and higher levels tied most closely to social influences. |
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| List 10 things (page 2) that make Psychology difficult and fascinating: |
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Definition
| 1) Behavior is difficult to predict. 2) Behavior is multiply determined. 3) Psychological influences are rarely independent of one another. 4) Psychological influences are often unknown. 5) People affect each other. 6) Many psychological concepts are difficult to define. 7) The human brain didn't evolve to understand itself. 8) People in psychological research usually know they're being studied. 9) People differ from each other. 10) Culture influences people's behavior. |
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Definition
| Tendency for people to mutually influence each other's behavior. |
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| Error of assuming that measures that carry the same label necessarily assess the same thing. |
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| Paradox referring to the fact that the human brain is trying to understand itself. |
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| Tendency for people to behave differently when they know they're being studied. |
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| Variations among people in their thinking, emotion, and behavior. |
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| Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an insider. |
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| Approach of studying a culture's behavior from the perspective of an outsider or outside theory. |
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| Method by which trained observers carefully reflect and report on their mental experiences. |
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| Events, like extrasensory perception, that fall outside the boundaries of traditional science. |
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| Created the world's first psychology lab in 1879. |
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| Scientist-Practitioner Gap: |
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| Divide between psychologists who believe that clinical practice should be primarily scientific versus those who believe that clinical practice should primarily be an art. |
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| Term sometimes used to describe behaviorists' view of the mind-- an unknown entity that we don't need to understand to explain behavior. |
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| Mental processes involved in different aspects of thinking. |
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| Approach of using many different methods in concert. |
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| Discipline that applies Darwin's theory of natural selection to human and animal behavior. |
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| Superficial explanations made up after the fact; a term sometimes applied by critics to some evolutionary psychology hypotheses. |
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| Compromise between free will and determinism that says that the two can coexist. |
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| Scientists who believe that the mind is the brain and nervous system in action. |
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| Scientists who believe that the mind is more than the brain and nervous system. |
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| Sociocultural perspective: |
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Definition
* Stresses the importance of social norms and culture. There is a need to "fit in".
* Proposes that children learn behavior through problem-solving interactions with other children and adults. Through these interactions, they learn the values and norms of their society. |
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Definition
Sometimes referred to as biopsychology or physiological psychology, this perspective emphasizes the physical and biological bases of behavior.
This perspective has grown significantly over the last few decades, especially with advances in our ability to explore and understand the human brain and nervous system. Tools such as MRI scans and PET scans allow researchers to look at the brain under a variety of conditions. Scientists can now look at the effects of brain damage, drugs, and disease in ways that were simply not possible in the past. |
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| Similar to biological perspective. It emphasizes the need to pass on genes to the next generation. |
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