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| a system for controlling society |
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| ruled by small group of noble landowners |
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| government of the few or ruled by the few, usually wealthy merchants |
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| rule of the people, governed by people |
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| citizens rule and make laws directly instead of through representatives |
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| citizens elect leaders to govern |
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| patricians served in the senate, it acted as the legislative branch of the two assemblies |
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-passed a law that outlawed slavery
-canceled the farmer's debts
-this simple act, avoided civil war
-established 4 classes of citizenship based on wealth rather than heredity |
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-founder of democracy in athens
-made athens a full democracy by recognizing the assembly to balance the power of the rich and poor
-increased power of assembly allowed all citizens to submit laws for debate and passage
-created the council of 500 |
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-increased the number, paid public officials, paid jurors
-enabled poorer citizens to participate in government
-democracy ended in Greece after a war between the 2 strongest city-states athens and Sparta |
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| used q/a approach to help examine their most closely held believes |
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-wrote the republic, a book about his vision of a perfect government, ruled by the wisest
-philosopher king |
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| believed in government by the best, what aristocracy really means, society needed a majority of people living happy and well in the middle class |
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-used reason and intelligence to discover natural laws,
-developed direct democracy
-first to have three branches of government |
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-aristocratic landowners,
-had most of the power
-claimed their ancestry, gave them authority to make laws |
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-citizens with the right to vote
-all free born males were citizens
-bared by law from holding most government positions |
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-important victory for the plebeians was forcing the creation of a written law code
-group of 10 officials began writing down Rome's laws
-they had the laws carved on 12 tables, or tablets, and publicly displayed |
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-the romans have set up a government with separate branches
-patricians made up the senate
-in times of crises, the republic provided a dictator to be in charge |
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-tried to create a system of laws that could be appled throughut roman empire
-like greeks, thought laws should be based on principles of reason and justice, should protect citizens and their property |
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| important principles of roman law |
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-all citizens had the right to equal treatment under the law
-a person was considered innocent until proven guilty
-the burden of proof rested with the accuser rather than the accused
-any law that seemed unreasonable or grossly unfair could be set aside |
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| Roman government's written legal code |
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-expressed in the 12 tables in 451 B.C.
-1,000 years later, A.D.528 Emperor Justinian ordered compilation of roman laws since the earlier code
-the code contained nearly 5,000 roman laws
-the digest was a summary of legal opinions
-the institutes served as a textbook for law students
-the novellae contained laws passed after 534 |
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-gave the world an idea of a republic
-greatest/most lasting legacy written legal code, the idea that code should be applied equally, impartially to all citizens |
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what we know about early history of hebrews (jews), contained in the first 5 books of the hebrew bible, the torah
-in the torah god chooses Abraham to be the "father" or ancestor of the hebrew people |
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| developed from christianity, by the middle ages, had become the most powerful institution of Europe |
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-a brilliant cultural movement that arose in Italy, helped by the development of the printing press
-marked by renewed interest in classical cultural |
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| Renaissance Revives Classical Ideas |
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-included restoration of old monuments+works of art
-rediscovery of forgotten greek+latin manuscripts |
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-spirit of questioning that started during renaissance came to full bloom
-a religious reform movement that began in the 16th century |
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-those who wanted to reform the catholic church
-protested against the power and abuses of the church |
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-unlike roman law, reflected customs+principles established over time
-became basis of legal systems in many English-speaking countries, including the US |
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-major source of traditional english respect for individual rights and liberties
-basically, contract between king and nobles of England
-also contained certain important principles that limited the power of english monarch over all english subjects |
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| why the magna carta was needed |
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-henry II died, son Richard took thrown, Richard's brother John, an unpopular king followed
-John fought a costly, unsuccessful war with france, lost many holdings in france as result, John tried to raise taxes to pay for the war |
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| why john signed the magna carta |
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-after trying to raise taxes to pay for war, nobles got angry
-this led to conflict between the English Nobles and the king
-in 1215, angry nobles rebelled and forced john to grant guarantees of certain traditional political rights
-presented to john in the magna carta |
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-a person had the right to a jury and trial and to the protection of the law
-basically king could not willfully, or arbitrarily, punish his subjects |
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-Parliament
-what did model parliament do |
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-England's National legislature
-voted on taxes helped Edward reform+consolidate laws |
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| how model Parliament came to be |
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-king john's grandson Edward I, needed to pay for war with franc, wanted wide support for war
-called together lords and lesser knights+some burgesses or leading citizens of towns
-historians refer to this group of people as model parliament because it established a standard for later parliaments |
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-some kings claimed that they had not just the right to rule but the right to rule with absolute power
-these kings, claimed that there power came from god |
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-went against theories of absolute monarchy
-charles accepted the petition of right agreeing to some rules |
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| what did the petition of right demand an end to |
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-taxing without Parliament's consent
-imprisoning citizens illegally
-housing troops in citizens' homes
-maintaining military government in peacetime
-charles agreed, so that he could get his funds and later ignored the commitments secured in document |
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| why did charles and parliament have conflict |
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-dismissed parliament in 1629, refused to intervene it again
-scots invaded in 1640, charles, forced to call parliament to get funds
-in a show of independence parliament refused to talk money with Charles until he considered how he wronged them |
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| why did english civil war brake out |
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-parliament passed laws to reduce the power of the monarchy, angering king, grievances continued to grow
in 1642, english civil war broke out
-royalists: upheld the monarchy
-anti royalists:supported parliament |
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| who won english civil war |
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anti royalist forces commanded by puritan leader Oliver cromwell, won control of government
-charles, condemned tyrant+murderer+public enemy and was executed in 1649 |
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