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Prokaryotic Organisms
Test 2
81
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
02/26/2013

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 basic ways a prokaryotic organism is classified?
Definition
1.)metabolism 2.)oxygen requirements 3.)movement
Term
What is a photoroph?
Definition
Use light energy to extract carbon
Term
What is a photoautotroph?
Definition
Obtain carbon from an inorganic compound like CO2
Term
What is a photoheterotroph?
Definition
Obtain carbon from organic compound like glucose
Term
What is a chemotroph?
Definition
Use chemical energy to extract carbon
Term
What is a chemoheterotroph?
Definition
obtain carbon from organic compounds like glucose
Term
What is a lithoautotroph?
Definition
Obtain carbon from inorganic compounds like CO2
Term
What are aerobes?
Definition
Use oxygen as their final electron acceptor in metabolism
Term
What are anaerobes?
Definition
Do not use oxygen as their final electron acceptor, often use sulfate, nitrate, carbonate or pyruvate. Some cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
Term
What is ecophysiology?
Definition
A preferred environment.
Term
Where do some microbes thrive?
Definition
terrestrial, aquatic, on or within animals, extreme conditions
Term
Can all bacteria move the same way?
Definition
No, only a small number of bacteria are unique in their movement.
Term
What are 3 subcategories of anaerobic chemotrophs?
Definition
Anaerobic lithoautotroph, anaerobic chemoheterotrophs, and anaerobic phototrophs.
Term
What domain has some members of the anaerobic lithoautotroph? How?
Definition
Domain archaea. Some can utilize hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide which makes methane which makes them METHANOGENS.
Term
What do anaerobic chemoheterotrophs use as their final electron acceptor?
Definition
Get energy from glucose, final electron acceptor is anything other than oxygen.
Term
What is a fermentor? what are 5 fermentors?
Definition
Uses pyruvate as the final electron acceptor.

1.)clostridium
2.)Streptococus
3.)Enterococcus
4.)Lactobacillus
5.)Proprionibacterium
Term
What are some characteristics of clostridium? Where are they found? What do they cause?
Definition
Forms spores. Gram positive, rods. They are found in the soil and digestive tract. Can cause gas, gangrene, tetanus, botulism, and food poisioning.
Term
What are some characteristics of streptococcus? What is it found? What does it cause?
Definition
Gram positive cocci. Found in our normal oral flora. Can cause streptococcal pharyngitis (strep) and pneumonia.
Term
What are some characteristics of Lactobacillus? Where is it found? What does it cause?
Definition
Gram positive rod. Found in the mouth and vagina during child-bearing years. Causes acidic environment in vagina and are sometimes used in food protection.
Term
What are some characteristics of enterococcus? Where is it found? What does it cause?
Definition
Gram positive cocci. Found in the intestinal tract of animals/humans. Causes the inhibition of the growth of other bacteria including some pathogens.
Term
What are some characteristics of proprionibacterium? Where is it found? What does it cause?
Definition
Gram positive, rod. Found on human skin. Causes acne lesions.
Term
Could the planet maintain aerobic life without anaerobic phototrophs?
Definition
NO.
Term
What are 2 subcategories of anaerobic phototrophs?
Definition
Anoxygenic phototrophs and Oxygenic Phototrophs.
Term
What do anoxygenic phototrophs use instead of carbon dioxide/water/sun to make food?
Definition
Hydrogen sulfide or organic compounds and sunlight.
Term
How to anoxygenic phototrophs vary?
Definition
based on their bacteriochlorophylls they posses
Term
What do purple bacteria sulfur use?
Definition
Hydrogen sulfide
Term
What do purple non-sulfur bacteria preferentially use?
Definition
Multiple organic and inorganic substances such as Hydrogen instead of H20.
Term
What does Green sulfur use?
Definition
Hydrogen sulfide.
Term
What does green non-sulfur bacteria use?
Definition
Multiple organic compounds.
Term
What are oxygenic phototrophs?
Definition
The cyanobacteria are the primary oxygen producers of the earth. Cyanobacteria are gram negative and have mult. shapes but usually cocci.
Term
Do cyanobacteria play a role in nitrogen fixation?
Definition
Yes.
Term
Are aerobes the largest group?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What are aerobic lithoautotrophs?
Definition
They obtain energy by oxidizing reduced INORGANIC chemicals and require oxygen as their final acceptor. Usually archaea.
Term
What are sulfur-oxidizing bacteria? Where is it found?
Definition
Found in sewage polluted waters and have been identified as being a major cause of bioleaching after strip mining activities.
Term
What are nitrifiers? What do they affect?
Definition
Oxidize either ammonia or nitrite, they affect a fertilizer's effectiveness.
Term
What are hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria? where are they found?
Definition
Found in hot springs and are thought to be among the first organisms of the earth.
Term
What are aerobic chemoheterotrophs?
Definition
Either obligate or facultative aerobes.
Term
What are 4 obligate aerobes?
Definition
1.)bacillus 2.)micrococcus 3.)mycobacterium 4.)pseudomonas
Term
What is bacillus? What is one disease it causes?
Definition
A spore forming gram positive organism that are commonly found in the soil. B.Antracis = antrhax (wild/not weapons grade)
Term
What is micrococcus? Is it linked to human disease?
Definition
A gram positive cocci that is common on dust and soil particles. Do not cause human disease.
Term
What is mycobacterium? What are most? What are diseases it causes?
Definition
Acid fast positive, usually gram positive, branched rod that is widespread in nature.

Most are saprobes. harmless.

M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis
M. leprea - leprosy
Term
What is pseudomonas? What are they useful for? Where are they found? Do they cause disease? If so, what?
Definition
Gram negative rods. Useful for bioremediation. Found in soil and water. Yes, P. aeruginosa.
Term
What are facultative aerobes?
Definition
Aerobes that prefer oxygen in their environments but can survive without it.
Term
What are 3 subcategories of facultative aerobes?
Definition
Corynebacterium, enterics, and staphylococcus.
Term
What are corynebacterium? What is the one species that causes diphtheria?
Definition
Gram positive rods that live harmlessly in the throat. C.Diphtheriae.
Term
What are enterics?
Definition
Gram negative rods that live in the intestinal tract that can be harmless or pathogenic.
Term
What is the harmless form of an enteric?
Definition
Enterobacter and most E.Coli
Term
What is the pathogenic form of an enteric?
Definition
Shigella, Salmonella, and some E.Coli
Term
What is the harmless strain of staphylococcus living on the skin?
Definition
S. epidermidis.
Term
What is the pathogenic strain of staphylococcus living on the skin?
Definition
S. aureus.
Term
What is a terrestial environment?
Definition
Soil.
Term
What are 4 forms of bacteria that have a resting stage?
Definition
1.)Endospore-formers.
2.)Cyst formers
3.)Microcyst formers
4.)Conidia formers.
Term
What is an endospore former?
Definition
Clostridium and Bacillus.
Term
What is a cyst former? What do they play a big role in? What is a cyst?
Definition
Azotobacter. Nitrogen Fixation. A resting cell that can resist drying and UV light but NOT heat.
Term
What are microcyst formers?
Definition
Myxobacteria from slime molds in the vegetative state then form fruiting bodies when conditions turn for the worst.
Term
What is a microcyst?
Definition
Dormant cells that can resist drying, heat and radiation and make up fruiting bodies.
Term
What are conidia formers? What important medicine do they form? What is a conidia?
Definition
Streptomyces. Form the mycin antibiotics. A conidia is a cluster of spores that can be dispersed by air currents.
Term
Which bacteria form root nodules? They are the primary...
Definition
Rhizobia. NITROGEN fixators.
Term
How do root nodules function with a plant?
Definition
Form symbiotic relationships with legumes (beans)
Term
What 2 bacteria derive their nutrients from other aquatic organisms?
Definition
Vibrio and Legionella.
Term
What is vibrio bacteria?
Definition
Gram negative rod that obtains nutrients from a symbiotic relationship from the host.
Term
What does V. Cholerae cause in humans?
Definition
Cholera.
Term
What is legionella?
Definition
Gram negative rods that reside within protozoa.
Term
What does L. pneumophila cause in humans?
Definition
can cause respiratory disease.
Term
Where was L. pneumophila first ioslated? Where is it found today?
Definition
In an air conditioning system. Vegetable sprayers at the grocery store, unclean pools.
Term
What is a bacteria that lives on the skin? Can it cause a skin infection?
Definition
Staphylococcus. Yes.
Term
What are the 7 bacteria that live in mucous membranes?
Definition
1.)Streptococcus
2.)Clostridium
3.)Haemophilus
4.)Neisseria
5.)Teponema
6.)Borrelia
7.)Helicobacter
Term
Where is steptrococcus found?
Definition
Respiratory tract/oral cavity & pharynx.
Term
Where is clostridium found?
Definition
Intestinal tract/soil.
Term
Where is haemophilus found?
Definition
Respiratory tract. Pink eye.
Term
Where is neisseria found?
Definition
Oral cavity and other mucus membranes. Gingevitis.
Term
Where is treponema found?
Definition
The body fluids and oral/genital tracts. Syphillus.
Term
Where is borrelia found?
Definition
Body fluids and multiple mucus membranes. Lyme disease.
Term
Where is helicobacter found?
Definition
Reside in stomach lining. ulcers in stomach.
Term
What are two obligate intracellular parasites?
Definition
Ricketttsia and Chlamydia
Term
What is Rickettsia?
Definition
Transmitted by insect vectors and causes rash/ Rocky Mountain Spotted fever.
Term
What is chlamydia?
Definition
Transmitted from person to person particularly by body fluids. It's an STD.
Term
What are spirochetes?
Definition
Gram negative spirillium move via axial filament.
Term
How does a spirochete move?
Definition
Corkscrew movement.
Term
What is an axial filament?
Definition
Sets of flagella found at the poles of bacteria located within the periplasm.
Term
What is an example of a spirochete?
Definition
Treponema that causes syphillus and Borellia which causes lyme disease.
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