Term
|
Definition
A single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
|
|
Term
What are the differences between Archaea and bacteria? |
|
Definition
Differences in rRNA and tRNA Unique cell wall/membrane components in archaea Archaea has repeated gene structures and introns Archaea has unique shapes |
|
|
Term
How can prokaryotes be classified? |
|
Definition
Shape Gram staining Metabolism Habitat Genetics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group of two balls (Cocci) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Group of four balls (Cocci) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Groups of eight balls (Cocci) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two rods attached end-to-end (Bacilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rounded rod-shaped bacteria (Bacilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Indicates a chain-shaped bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Side-to-side arranged rods, generally not parallel. (Bacilli) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Curved or spiral-shaped bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Curved rods, no rotation (comma-shaped) (Spiralla) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria that rotate at least one helical turn in their shape and have flagella at their polar ends. (Spiralla) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria that have at least three helical turns in their shape, with periplasmic flagella (Spiralla) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria with a thick, exposed layer of peptidoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteria with a covered layer of peptidoglycan, which the stain cannot attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obtains carbon from inorganic sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Obtains carbon from organic sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gets energy from chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Require oxygen to make ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Require an oxygen-poor environment to make ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can live in an aerobic or anaerobic environment |
|
|
Term
What are the problems with traditional taxonomy? |
|
Definition
Traditional groups into which we classify bacteria can overlap - a specimen may fit into more than one group. Also, species within a group may not be related at all, meaning that a medicine that works on one species can't necessarily be expected to do anything for the rest of the group. |
|
|
Term
What are the problems with phylogenetic taxonomy? |
|
Definition
To identify an organism phylogenetically, genetic screening has to be run, which takes more time than just looking at an organism or running one or two tests. Also, because it's so new, not many people know it the way they know the traditional system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gracilicutes Gram-negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What types of appendages can be present in prokaryotes? |
|
Definition
Axial filaments or flagella (for movement) Fimbriae or pili (for attachment) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A whip-like motility appendage. Comprised of a filament, hook, and basal apparatus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A flagellum at one polar end of a bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Multiple flagella originating from the same point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flagella on both polar ends of a bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flagella distributed randomly on the surface of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flagella distributed randomly on the surface of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flagella that are wrapped around the "body" of the bacteria in a spiral fashion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement in response to a chemical stimulant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement in response to light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small, bristle-like appendages for attachment. Used in aggregation or colonization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Appendages for reproduction, generally in gram-negative bacteria. Used to exchange genetic material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An outer layer of a bacterium composed of macromolecules. It can serve to prevent dessication, protect against immune attacks (by causing antibodies to bind incorrectly), or encouraging colonization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A thick layer of accumulated prokaryotes due to fimbriae and glycocalyces. These can be a problem in artificial joints, catheters, and dental hygiene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The ability of a bacterial colony to "sense" its population density |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The set of structures that make up an external membrane complex. Includes the cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Made of phospholipids and proteins, this membrane (in prokaryotes) carries out many of the functions that membrane-bound organelles do in eukaryotes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A peptidoglycan structure that serves to maintain cell shape and integrity. Not present in all prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
How can peptidoglycan serve as a target for drugs? |
|
Definition
Peptidoglycan is made of polysaccharide strands linked by peptide bonds. Drugs can disrupt those peptide bonds, loosing the strands and dissolving the wall. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structure seen only in gracilicutes. Its outer layer is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and its inner layer is composed of phospholipids and lipoproteins, which are attached to the cell wall. Traffic is regulated by porins. |
|
|
Term
Why do some cell envelope components automatically trigger immune responses? |
|
Definition
Bacteria and humans have been around together a long time, so by now, immune responses to certain bacteria components are ingrained into our DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The inside space of the cell. Comprised of 75% water, plus ribosomes, protein, and other cellular materials, plus a cytoskeleton network. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokaryotic conglomeration of genetic material. Most have a single loop of DNA, others have extra genes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Self-replicating "accessory" DNA that can be stored and shared freely among prokaryotes. |
|
|
Term
What do plasmids mean for medicine? |
|
Definition
On the one hand, plasmids are bad news, because a virulent bacteria can pass on a drug resistance or toxin-containing plasmid to normally benign bactera, causing a totally new infection. On the other hand, we can engineer plasmids to contain beneficial genes, which we can then impart via bacteria to other organisms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein-making machinery consisting of a 50S and 30S subunit, made up of rRNA and protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A string of ribosomes that make protein from RNA in succession. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In bacteria, intracellular nutrient stores enclosed by a single-layered membrane. In biology, it's a general term with many meanings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
An intracellular network of actin filaments that help support the cell's architecture and provide "roadways" for cellular components to move. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spore formation due to adverse environmental triggers. Seen in gracilicutes and firmicutes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Metabolically active cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spore form, metabolically inactive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Nutrients are scarce or the environment is wrong |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram-negative prokaryotes that are obligate intracellular (they can't live outside a host). They cause RMSF and a form of typhus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gram-negative prokaryotes that can't exist outside a host, and were once considered viruses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tenericutes, has an outer membrane but no cell wall. Has the smallest bacterial genome known, causes "walking pneumonia" and PID. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial "sex" - the exchange of genetic material though pili |
|
|