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| the mostly white and upper class's response to the Industrial age... the people who benefit from industrialism; want to make industrialism more friendly.. more efficient.. less heartless and more ordered |
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| Writers and journalist who raked up "muck"; read by upper and middle class (allowing them to see the harshness of industrialism). Examples : Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffans, Upton Sinclair, Jacob Reese |
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| wrote the book "The History of the Standard Oil Company" |
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| Wrote for the New York Evening Post and then later McClure's Magazine... famous for saying " I have been over to the future and it works" After returning from the Soviet Union |
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| Wrote the book "The Jungle" |
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| wrote the book " Maggie: A Girl of the Streets" which took place in the Bowery of New York |
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| Author of the book: "How the Other Half Lives" which takes a look at the Tenements of New York; photojournalism |
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| White and middle class; the professional class; from the urban north and the Midwest (New York and Chicago); often Female; Deep Christians ( motivated by liberal reform theology and imitate Christ in the world by helping people); Same people who were anti-slavery before the war; they believe that they can change the world |
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| The Social Gospel Movement |
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| a book called "If Jesus Came to Chicago" and one written by Charles Sheldon called "In His Steps" the phrase "WWJD" |
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| a settlement house: Hundreds of college educated women move to the big cities to live in a community house that is dedicated to urban reform; urban reform is seen as "woman's work".. it is an extension of women cleaning up the house; they give Child-raising classes and Reading classes |
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| Founded the Settlement House movement and was one of the first women to win the Nobel Peace Prize; co-founded Hull House; responsible for some of the Women's Suffrage movement; she was an Anti-Imperialist |
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| Becomes president in 1901; held very unorthodox ideas about industrialism and its problems... put in policies to break up bad monopolies, supportive of unions |
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| Industrialism is hard on nature; Teddy Roosevelt and others commit themselves to preserving nature... organized environmentalism begins in the Republican Party: ironic? |
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| makes the statement that "war is now absolute".... it is costly and irrational |
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| during wars you need labor to work in the factories; there was a great migration of African Americans out of the south... towards Chicago and Detroit |
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| Wilson's Plan for peace following WWI; knocked down because the winners want to make their enemies pay; had an early version of the United Nations called the League of Nations... the stress eventually kills Wilson |
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| thousands of people are arrested and/or deported because of their political beliefs; in addition there is a lot of oppression against the Germans; one of the biggest violations of the first amendment in the history of the US government |
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| Headed by Jane Addams (Hull House) and Alice Paul... were against WWI |
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| In foreign policy, America should take care of itself.. the war in Europe is Europe's problem |
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| The American Protective League |
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| set up by citizens to prosecute Germans during WWI |
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| (1917) Anything that is remotely critical to the government the post- office would refuse to carry |
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| Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917 |
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| All foreign language newspapers had to be censored before they were published |
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| The Committee on Public Information |
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| Sponsored things that promoted the war; "Uncle Sam" posters... eventually Anti-German sentiment creeps into the posters |
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| The Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition act of 1918 |
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| very little to do with spying; imposed a prison sentence of 20+ years for aiding the enemy, obstructing soldiers and "cursing" the government; lots of people are arrested as the power of the act expands... |
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| After an unknown person sends bombs to government officials who were notoriously anti-communist, he is convinced that there is a communist coup to overthrow the government |
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| First director of the FBI; used the FBI to harass political dissenters during the Red Scare; deports some people back to Russia |
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| During the Red Scare... no warrants for the governments actions some people go to jail without charges made against them |
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| "a very twenties type of president"; the republicans regain power, industry wealth and power are admired |
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| consumerism is freedom; the automobile.. the assembly line makes production cheaper and more people can buy cars; sears catalogs; shallow materialism... people want cars because they are fun and nice to have; buying things is fun |
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author of Babbitt; there are people who care about nothing but buying things and having a good time
Babbitt is a real estate agent from Zenith, Ohio; married to a bored wife and 2 bratty kids. He himself is a bored middle-class confomist |
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their work differs from men and they do not get paid as well as men when doing the same jobs; jobs are limited by the ideals for women (secretaries)
Consumerism makes it trendy to have a spotless home; because you have tools to do it your house now has to be spotless |
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made possible by consumer culture; single women are able to get jobs and work.. they are becoming like single men
In the 1920's women get the right to vote
smart, independent, sassy women: flapper; lives in the city, wears short dresses, shows her legs, smokes and drinks in public, wears make-up, listens to jazz and uses contraceptives |
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while people in the city see material success, people in the country see sin, materialism, and immoral people; fundamentalism is backlash from consumerism and modernism
a religious reaction; fundamentalist churches spring up; they fight against bankruptcy and rottenness |
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The most popular place for the Klan is now Indiana and Oregon; they have lengthened their list of enemies to Jews, Immigrants, Catholics, labor unions and communists
Membership is primarily small farmers and businessmen; people who feel financially pushed around |
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| Charles "Pretty Boy Floyd" |
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| outlaw during the depression; the hero of the poor until he is mixed up with a murder; Robinhood type figure |
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| During the depression.. veterans from WWI who wanted their army bonuses marched on Congress; put a bad light on Hoover as he refused to give them their money; led to the G.I. Bill of Rights in 1944 |
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| Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
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after being angered at Hoover Americans elect FDR to 4 consecutive terms; he had overwhelming support; controversial; he changed the nature of the presidency and the american government as a whole
The New Deal turns the government from a small Laissez-faire government to a large, activist, reform-minded government |
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| Hoover believed that the free-market would correct itself, the government should ask nicely for people to do the right thing |
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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| (RFC) 1930; authorized large sums of money to bail out banks and businesses; created $432 million work program for people to work for the government.. but not enough.. Hoover was worried about the program going to far and people becoming lazy |
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| 1932; the pensions of WWI veterans were supposed to be paid.. but they were late so the veterans camp-out in Washington demanding their money |
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Proposed in FDR's first 100 days; to jumpstart industry; addressed the agricultural crisis; set up "make-work" programs to restore morale
give people back their pride by giving them jobs and making them productive |
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| National Recovery Administration |
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(NRA) industry plan; a plan to get industrialists, workers and governments to get together and set codes and get rid of labor strife; membership was not required but peers expected it
Increased production somewhat but the codes are a bit complex and it helps big businesses but not really little ones
Eventually the Supreme court strikes down the NRA as unconstitutional |
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| Agricultural Adjustment Act |
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paid farmers not to farm and to destroy excess crops; lowers supplies and raised prices
Bad for unemployed urban workers but good for farmers; intended to save the small farmer but instead helps corporate farms and landowners with sharecroppers
gets ruled unconstitutional but then gets reworked and lasts until the 1990s |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps |
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| CCC- employed young men to build trails and remove trees in National Parks |
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| Public Works Administration |
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| (PWA) earlier version of WPA; construction of public works to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, improve public welfare, and contribute to a revival of American industry |
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| Works Progress Administration |
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| (WPA) 1935; built sidewalks, painted murals, dug ditches; LeConte Hall was built by WPA |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority |
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| (TVA) Dam building project; brought electricity to people who did not have it |
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| Security Exchange Commission |
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| Regulated the stock market |
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| Uses taxes taken out of your income and puts them aside to use as retirement money; at this point it does not cover farmers.. leads to furthering segregation |
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| 1935- guarantees the right of workers to unionize |
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spoke out against the New Deal and started "Share the Wealth" clubs... wanted to take $2500 each year from the wealthy and give it to the poor
former governor and current senator of Louisiana |
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| the radio priest; started out as an FDR supporter but then got more radical; thought banks should be nationalized..... towards the end he got weird and became Anti-Semitist |
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| founded the Townsend Clubs.... everyone over 60 should get 200 a month from the government under the idea "if we get it we will spend it" |
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| The USSR will not let the land they own go because they want a buffer between them and Germany.. but the United States vows to not let communism spread |
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| CIA analyst; declares in "Foreign Affairs" (1946) that "We must engage in a.. containment of Russian expansion tendencies" |
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| makes containment official US policy; March of -47 Truman gives the Truman Doctrine Speech in order to get support for a war against the communist revolutionaries in Greece |
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"all communists, anywhere in the world, are under the control of the Soviet Union"
however most of the time they are nationalists first and then communists |
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| (1947)- named after General George Marshall; $16 billion in aide to western Europe to rebuild its economy... a new deal for europe |
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Berlin is occupied by 4 different armies.. while being right in the middle of East Germany and only connected to West Germany by a small road...
in '48 Stalin blocks of road leaving the western sector stranded... in hopes the U.S. will strike
plans fly in supplies under order of JFK |
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published in 1950; formally top secret; the Soviet Union is very militaristic and is after power; they must be contained militarily
The soviets were a threat to america but they were not a threat in america
adds a militaristic edge to containment policy |
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| During the Korean War Macarthur makes a daring move that pushes the North Koreans back after the United States almost loses all chance of winning... it frightens the chinese |
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| holds an evangelical revival meeting in Los Angeles in the late '40s that gives warnings about the faith of the nation; communism is threatening the nation; communism is masterminded by Satan |
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| some people are confident that the government will solve our problem instead faith in God and capitalism is what will solve our problems |
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| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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HUAC (1945-52); the red scare manifest itself as government organizations in peoples personal lives; federal level investigations mainly but in all levels; responsible for investigating Communist infiltration into Government, Education and Hollywood...
the investigations made a great deal of noise but had few results |
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| 1948-50; spy case; a former communist goes to the state department and accuses Alger Hiss of passing information to the Soviets; he is convicted |
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1950-03; the couple is accused of being communist and passing atomic secrets to the soviets; the charges were partially true.. Julius primarily did what he was accused of... but Ethel may not have taken part or knew
they were Jewish; they were sentenced to death |
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| "Tailgunner Joe" McCarthy |
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| ambitious, unethical; used communism as his hot issue to get recognition; capitalized on paranoia, infamous McCarthy Lists |
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| a group of writers who refused to testify as being communist and ending up going to jail and being blacklisted |
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| a list of people "associated" with the communist party.... who during the 1950s found it hard to find jobs because of the list |
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| used the assembly line to make cookie cutter house and ended up creating suburban america |
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| Military-industrial complex |
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| the partnership between the government and the economy is a great engine for economic growth |
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(1956)- $25 billion for interstate expansion
they were helpful to the military.. for transportation of troops and as means of evacuation.
lots of people employed to build them.. economic boost |
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| Federally Backed Mortgages |
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| stimulated the housing industry, then the automobile industry with the addition of highways... and thus much of the economy, resulting in better wages and more consumer spending |
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| (1959)- Nixon goes to the USSR and meets with Krushchev over an exhibit of a typical american kitchen... Krushchev plays of the ridiculousness of American consumerism... but then eventually goes on to say that one day the Soviets will beat them in that too |
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| wrote "Man in the Grey Flannel Shirt" (1955); the "Babbitt" for the 1950s; the dress codes alone in corporate america were more strict than the military; fighting over who was going to take their bosses hat was frivolous and ass-kissing |
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| wrote "White Collar" (1951); anxiety coming from academics and sociologists; with the rise of corporation.. what we have is a world of middle class drones |
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| author of "The Lovely Crowd" (1951); Laments the fact that Americans in the 1950s are no longer inner directed… they are now outer directed |
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| author of "The Organization Man" (1956); Study of the middle management man; The aren’t unhappy… but they see this as o.k. and that’s disturbing |
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| author of "The Feminine Mystique" (1963); The new suburban world is particularly dangerous for woman; Puts demands on women as homemakers; Suburbia reinforces that woman ought to be at home; Betty however celebrated being a homemaker… but; In 1957, she goes back and writes on her class from her graduating class from Smith college; The women had graduated as professionals but then had gotten married and had only been dependent on their husbands…. She was disturbed that it was their only choice |
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