Term
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Definition
| The process of conceiving and developing physical forms to accommodate human needs and purposes. Its basic purpose is to accommodate and facilitate human activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the process of giving form to an idea by setting objectives, analyzing information, planning spaces, and the conception of forms. This puts together different parts to form a unified, interdependent composition. this also requires the collaboration and coordination of a team of specialists. |
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Term
1) Statement of problem
2) Collection of data
3) Analysis of data
4) Program
(Steps 1 - 4 are architectural programming)
5) Design concept
6) Design development
7) Construction documents |
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Definition
| Process of architectural design (7 steps)? |
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Term
Site Design.
During this process, he designer must become familiar with the client's goals, the intended land use, and the parcel of land itself. |
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Definition
| An exploration of possible solutions to a specific site problem for the conscious rearrangement of the environment for human use, using design characteristics such as space, enclosure, scale, mass, and aesthetics. |
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Term
1) Project proposal: scope and cost of services, time (duration)
2) Research and analysis: collect, organize, analyze date from site, and client. Prepare a program
3) Design phase: diagrams, schematics, masterplan, etc
4) Construction phase: contract docs, landscaping plan, grading plan, etc
5) Post construction: evaluate and maintain |
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Definition
| The various steps of site design: |
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Term
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Definition
| The statistical study of human populations |
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Term
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Definition
| The means for gathering demographic info ration at a 10 year interval in the U.S., through a numeric enumeration of the number of people, their conditions of living, and their resources |
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Term
Density
Density should not be confused with crowding; high density does not imply crowding. |
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Definition
| The number of people per unit of area. This refers to a ratio, not the total number of people or how they are distributed. |
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Term
| The cultural influences and circumstances |
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Definition
| The perception of crowding depends on what? |
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Term
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Definition
| The actual number of people in a given location, without regard to density |
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Term
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Definition
| The measure of the number of people accommodated in a given area of land. It is important to determine this for planning public services such as public utility systems, and for calculating traffic volumes. |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of density may be expressed in net or gross? |
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Term
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Definition
Inhabitants (divided by) housing land.
(It dos NOT include streets) |
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Term
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Definition
Inhabitants (divided by) total land
(Includes streets, local facilities, and open spaces) |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of persons with whom one has the most intimate and hence greatest of variety of social interactions - e.g. family |
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Term
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Definition
| The group of persons with whom one has less intimate and more specialized interactions - e.g. classmates in the case of school children |
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Term
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Definition
| This classification deals with the production or collection of resources -> miners, farmers, fisherman... |
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Term
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Definition
| This classification takes the raw materials collected or produced by the primary work group and converts them into usable products -> construction workers, factory workers... |
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Term
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Definition
| This classification manages and services society and its industries -> professionals: architect, teachers... |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical pattern of places that are used by individuals for residence, work, recreation, and cultivation, all accessible by systems of convenient transportation, in a city or rural area |
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Term
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Definition
| Design based on mechanics of the human body and its various senses |
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Term
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Definition
| The system of studying the factory environment in order to improve productivity of an individual's physical effort. The result of these studies is to organize individuals into teams, and to alternate tasks among those individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
The creation of spontaneous contacts which result in an exchange of information and ideas using basic design principles such as:
1) Movement and public spaces such as corridors
2) Horizontal arrangement of floors vs. multi-floor; fewer floors=more contact
3) Horizontal distances exceeding 200 to 300 ft, should be designed with social links between the different increments |
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Term
| Catchment areas / Market Areas / Trade Areas / Tributary Areas |
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Definition
| The surrounding base of population within a geographical region, such as the people living at a certain distance from the proposed location of a shopping center, or a school district for a school building. |
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Term
1) They may be defined by specific functions or population
2) Their boundaries may be determinedly geographic features (highway, river), artificial political boundaries (city line, school district), or by nebulous demarcations (division between two ethnic groups). Boundaries are often determined by the availability of transportation
3) Catchment areas can overlap
4) They may increase or decrease in size, or come into existence
5) They may be a result of population growth in an area
6) They may be a result of a municipal development
7) Residential catchments are determined by local transportation systems
8) Zoning ordinances help to create and preserve catchment areas by specifying which land use are permitted
9) Existing catchment areas are subject to alteration |
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Definition
| Catchment Area Characteristics (9) |
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Term
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Definition
| This comprises a group of people with common need and goals for living, education, work, recreation, and other activities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of several neighborhoods with total population between 20,000 and 100,000 people |
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Term
| Single Family House / Detached House |
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Definition
| This dwelling is usually occupied by just one household or family, and consist of just one dwelling unit or suite. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of house involves two attached living units, either side by side or one above the other |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of housing is three or more attached units with a max of eight attached units in most municipalities. |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of housing is normally limited to 3 stories in height, combines efficient land use with a comfortable human scale |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of housing accommodates a large number of people conveniently in relatively small areas of land |
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Term
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Definition
| This is determined by the layout and configuration of streets, open space, and the apportionment of land into building lots. |
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Term
Street Front Pattern
End-on Pattern
Court Pattern |
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Definition
| The tree types of housing patterns |
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Term
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Definition
Housing pattern that is developed in a linear fashion, with houses and apartments lining both sides of the street
(see Caroline's notes for image) |
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Term
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Definition
Housing pattern that consists of rows of units location at right angles of streets
(see Caroline's notes for image) |
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Term
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Definition
Housing pattern that groups units to face into a common open space
(see Caroline's notes for image) |
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Term
| PUD / Planned Unit Development |
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Definition
This refers to new development. It is an attempt to reinforce diversity and mixture; each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses: residential, commercial, recreational, and open spaces designed with variable lot sizes and densities.
This is also the zoning designation used to achieve the cluster concept. |
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Term
1) It involves large developments from an entire neighborhood to a new town
2) It involves a mixture of uses and types
3) It requires phased development extended over a long period of tme |
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Definition
| The 3 major characteristics of a PUD (Planned Unit Development) |
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Term
4) Efficient use of land by grouping compatible uses
5) The grouping allows for extra land to be given to open space or common use areas
6) Variety of housing options
7) Recapture the diversity and variety of urban living |
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Definition
| The 4 major advantages of of a PUD (Planned Unit Development) |
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Term
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Definition
This housing development pattern is where dwelling units are grouped and more densely sited than in conventional developments. The remaining land serves as common open space.
(See Caroline's notes for images) |
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Term
| Urban Redevelopment / Urban Renewal |
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Definition
| This housing development pattern usually for federally funded programs. This is a form of PUD for central city areas and refers to rebuilding in whole or in part. |
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Term
| Residential Planned Communities (RPC) |
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Definition
| This housing development pattern allows the developers to integrate residential, commercial, and industrial uses, and to divide the land into different density areas, based on the village-neighborhood-town concept. (Example: Columbia and Maryland) |
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Term
| Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) |
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Definition
| this thames the idea of defensible space further and includes additional methods to reduce crime, such as electronic surveillance, alarms, and human resources (see Urban Concepts) |
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Term
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Definition
| The variety of store types and facilitie sin a shopping center |
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Term
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Definition
| This act was passed by the Congress when a large amount of public land was transferred to private ownership. This act allowed for 160 acres of land to be given free to anyone who built a house and lived on the land for 5 years |
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Term
Water Table
The water generally follows the slope of the grade above, but it may vary slightly. Boring logs will reveal whether groundwater is present and how deep it is. Sites with high water tables - 6 to 8 ft below grade, can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placements, and landscaping. |
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Definition
| This is the level underground in which the soil is saturated with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| This includes excavating soil for the construction of a building foundation, water and sewer lines, and other buried items as well as modifying the site's land contours |
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Term
| Wetlands / Jurisdictional Wetlands |
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Definition
| Areas that are inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow and elongated grass-lined ditch or channel that is moist or marshy, designed to detain storm runoff and remove sediments and other contaminants while allowing the water to seep into the ground (increase rainwater infiltration) |
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Term
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Definition
| A wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hammocks, or dry-land protrusions, covered by aquatic vegetation or vegetation that tolerates periodical inundation |
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Term
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Definition
| A closed depression in the earth from which water can only escape into the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a part of a storm drain or sewer system which is designed to trap debris so that it cannot enter the drainage pipes |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of soil to allow construction of foundations and other permanent features below the finished level of the grade |
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Term
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Definition
| A narrow and long excavation done for piping or for narrow footings and foundation walls |
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Term
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Definition
| The modification of count ours of the site according to the grading plan |
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Term
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Definition
| This involves the moving of the soil prior to construction to approximate levels of the final grades |
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Term
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Definition
| The final moving of the soil prior to landscaping or paving |
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Term
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Definition
| The two types of grading: |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary support for excavation walls consisting of vertical beams and horizontal timbers |
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Term
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Definition
| The temporary support for excavation walls consisting of vertical sheeting, either wood or steel, supported by diagonal pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a method to temporarily support existing foundations while they are being repaired or strengthened or when they are being extended to a lower level |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the portion of the horizontal piping of the sanitary sewer system outside the building |
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Term
Invert
Note: the actual connection of the building sewer to the main line must occur above the inver of the main line at any given point in oder to interfere with the free flow |
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Definition
| This is the lowest elevations of the existing public sewer line. this should be established during planning bc the effluent (out flowing of water) must flow from the lowest point where the sewer lines leaves the building to the main sewer. |
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Term
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Definition
| This holds information recorded during site analysis is overlaid and superimposed over a base map |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used as a background map for site analysis. It shows the site's legal boundaries, count ours, roads, buildings, utilities, and other manmade key features. |
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Term
Landform
A level landform is flexible, practical, an highly desirable for the majority of human uses. |
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Definition
| This refers to the shape of the earth's surface. The natural shape of this affects how it is perceived, modified, and used. |
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Term
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Definition
| The continuous composition of various earthforms that blend into and reinforce one another |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to any structure on a parve of land which has value and improves the parcel's usefulness. |
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Term
| The highest and best use of the land, that is, the use that is the most likely to produce the greatest net return over a given period of time. |
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Definition
| When calculating land value, the improvement must represent what? |
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Term
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Definition
| This will reduce the value of a property; the property is not producing the max income it is capable of producing given its size, zoning and so on. |
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Term
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Definition
| This means that the cost of improvement exceeds potential revenue or income. |
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Term
Eminent Domain
For a public project, the government exercises its powers of eminent domain, which invokes a condemnation proceeding. |
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Definition
| This is when an owner is required to relinquish his property to a government entity if the property is needed for a public project (highway, school, road widening…) or for an overriding public need, such as structure in a way of an aircraft flight path. |
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Term
| The owner of the property is entitled to a "just compensation" at the fair market value of the land. Unless it is absolutely necessary, governmental agencies are reluctant to use this power because the legal proceedings are complex and they want to avoid the attendant publicly |
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Definition
| What all does a condemnation proceeding include? |
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Term
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Definition
| The legal process initiated by the public authority wishing to take the property in question to exercise the power of eminent domain to transfer title to the property from its private owner to the government |
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Term
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Definition
| The right to use the open space above land or above existing structure that can be sold or leased |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to rights to oil and minerals under property that can be sold or leased |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the right of a site or building to have access to solar radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocation of water to owners of waterfront property; a person must own land adjacent to a body of water to be considered one of these owners |
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Term
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Definition
| Riparian rights also depend upon ________ as it relates to other riparian owners to ensure that the rights of one riparian owner are weighed fairly and suitably with the rights of adjacent riparian owners. These rights cannot be sold or transferred other than with the adjoining land, and water cannot be transferred out of the watershed. (Note: the owner does not own the water itself) |
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Term
| Development Rights Transfer |
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Definition
| The owner of a historic property may "sell" the development rights to his property to the owner of another nearby property, allowing that owner to develop his property at a high density |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a concept where a condition for development is imposed on a parcel of land that requires part of the land to be dedicated to public use |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a deviation from the zoning regulations applicable to a land parcel. This is used when zoning ordinances create an undue hardship on a property owner or a zoning ordinance does not completely cover unusual conditions |
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Term
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Definition
This is a use that is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance.
This concerns uses that do not comply with current zoning regulations but that were permitted by the zoning ordinances in effect when the structure was built. These are allowed to continue unless they are unsafe, or the owner stops using the property in its original fashion or the property is destroyed or demolished by fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is granted by a zoning board for a special purpose for the welfare and convenience of the public. This allows a nonconforming use or other use in the zoning ordinance if the property owner meets certain restrictions. (often done in in the public interest - for example as a temporary street fair in a location where it will normally be prohibited) |
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Term
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Definition
| This favors a particular owner. This is the designation of a parcel of a land for a use classification different fem that of the surrounding area to favor a particular owner |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the lot area minus the required setbacks. Structures are only allowed to be built in this area. |
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Term
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Definition
| The geographic districts generally classified as high, moderate or low hazard based on population density, building height, street access, and congestion that affect fire department response time, and the fire department's equipment and competence. |
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Term
Life Cycle Cost Analysis / LLC
This includes all the costs associated with purchasing, installing, maintaining, and disposing of an item from the time the item is installed in a building through the duration of the LLC study period. all costs during the study period are discounted to convert future costs to their equivalent present values and account for the time value of money |
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Definition
| This is used to evaluate the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system. |
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Term
| Life Cycle Assessment / LCA |
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Definition
| This evaluates the environmental impact from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse, or disposal |
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Term
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Definition
1) A financial projection for the development of a project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project
2) It is a mean of determining a project's construction budget by listing labor and construction costs |
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Term
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Definition
| This is based on the value of the property being taxed |
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Term
| Debt Service / Cost of Money |
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Definition
| This is the cost to pay off a construction loan for a project. It is considered to be an ongoing cost over many years; it is not part of the original project cost |
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Term
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Definition
| The review process of proposed systems and materials used to explore less expensive options that will achieve a similar result |
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Term
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Definition
| The general cost of a building that cannot be directly assigned to a project. For example rent, drafting supplies, taxes, professional dues, etc. |
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Term
Agency
In architecture, the agent is the architect, the principal is the owner or client, and the third party is the contractor |
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Definition
| The legal concept is that one person acts on behalf of another, the principal, in dealings with another, the third party. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is what one person owes another in particular relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the legal responsibility for injury or damage to another person or property |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the failure to use due care to avoid harming another person or property |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the tool to limit exposure to liability, e.g. quality control |
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Term
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Definition
| This concept theoretically protects the architect from claims by parties with whom he or she has no direct contractual relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
| This attempts to hold harmless both the owner and architect for any damages, claims, or losses resulting from the performance of any work on the project whether by the contractor or others with whom the architect has no contractual relationship |
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Term
| Prescriptive Building Code |
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Definition
| Specifies construction methods, and materials in detail. It is simple to administer but discourages innovation. |
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Term
| Prescriptive Building Code |
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Definition
| Most model codes follow this method: |
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Term
| Performance Building Code |
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Definition
| This establishes the functional requirements that a structure must satisfy under specific conditions. It promotes innovation in building design, but it may be difficult to administer. |
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Term
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Definition
| A guarantee that the property title will be transferred to a buyer free of liens, claims, or other debt |
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Term
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Definition
| Parking spaces within property lines as required by a city ordinance and often expressed as parking spaces per dwelling unit or per commercial space |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a document signed by the seller (grantor) and delivered to the buys (grantee), conveying the title of a property from one owner to another, when a property is sold. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angle north or south from an east-west line |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the felt air temperature on exposed skin due to wind. This is always lower than the air temperature. This factor has a great effect on building energy consumption for heating. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the information or data provided by the owner for the analysis and creation of a facilities program |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a program that considers scope, area minimums, are adjacencies, ballpark costs and site analysis based on functional program |
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Term
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Definition
| These list all of the relationship requirements in a given room, including layout, equipment, activity zones, and lighting, temperature, and comfort requirements. |
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Term
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Definition
| A valuation set on taxable property |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to spreading payments over multiple periods |
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Term
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Definition
| The human love of life and living systems. It is the attractions and positive feelings that people have toward certain habitats, activities, and objects in their natural surroundings. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of verifying, in new construction, that all the subsystems achieve the owner's project requirements as intended by the building owner and as designed by the building architects and engineers; it is a quality-focused process necessary for both non-complex and complex modern construction projects |
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Term
| To produce a building that meets the unique needs of its owner and occupants, operates as efficiently as possible, provides a safe, comfortable work environment, and is operated and maintained by a well-trained staff or service contractor |
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Definition
| What is the goal of building commissioning? |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is the application of the commissioning process to existing buildings and seeks to improve how building equipment and systems work together |
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Term
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Definition
| This is an organic matter that mold can eat. It cannot eat things such as concrete |
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Term
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Definition
| This describes who well a building element transfers heat. |
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Term
Low U-value = slow heat loss or gain (ex. brick awl)
High U-value = high heat loss or gain (ex. windows) |
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Definition
| What is the difference between high and low U-value? |
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Term
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Definition
| This measures the thermal resistance in a building component |
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Term
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Definition
| This is the ability of a material to store heat. (ex. concrete walls in an arid climate have a high thermal inertia bc they store heat in daytime, and release it slowly at nighttime) |
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Term
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Definition
| The average temperature that a mechanical system is designed for heating (how cold the temperature gets) and cooling (how warm the temperature gets) |
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Term
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Definition
| The right, by law or custom, of the firstborn to inherit the entire estate, to the exclusion of younger siblings; land was passed from father the eldest son |
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Term
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Definition
| The type of ridge water piping which is built into multi-story buildings in a vertical position, to which fire hoses can be connected, allowing manual application of water to the fire. |
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Term
| They are required in buildings that are 3 stories and they should be operational during construction |
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Definition
| When are standpipes required? |
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Term
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Definition
| This is filled with water from a public supply and is pressurized at all times and they can be used by building occupants |
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Term
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Definition
| This is only used when needed for fire fighting. It is not filled with water an fit is not connected to a constant public water supply; fire engines supply the water to the system. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a combination of dry and wet standpipe |
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Term
BOMA International - Building Owners and Managers Association
BOMA has also set standards for measuring buildings and calculating rentable area. |
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Definition
| This is a professional organization for commercial real estate professionals where professionals monitor and lobby pertinent legislative, regulatory, and codes/standards issues in relation to the commercial real estate industry. |
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Term
| This is also a primary source of information on building management and operations development, leasing, building operating costs, energy consumption patterns, local and national building codes, legislation, occupancy statistics, technological developments and other industry trends. |
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Definition
| BOMA is a primary source of information on what things? |
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Term
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Definition
| A law that prohibits housing discrimination of the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, and national origin. |
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Term
| HUD / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development |
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Definition
| The purpose of this is to develop and execute policies on housing and metropolises. |
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Term
| Architectural Programming |
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Definition
| An attempt to analyze and define an architectural problem and establish all the guidelines and needs on which the design process can be based; this concentrates on seeking the problems, not the solutions. |
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Term
| Problem Seeking by William Pena |
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Definition
| The architectural programming 5 step process was described in what book? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is architectural programming part of the basic or additional services? |
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Term
| Form, Function, Economy, and Time |
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Definition
| The four major consideration of any design problem |
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Term
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Definition
| This consideration relates to the site, the physical and psychological environment of the building, and the quality of construction |
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Term
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Definition
| This consideration relates to the people and activities of the space or building and their relationships |
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Term
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Definition
| This consideration concerns money; initial cost, operation cost, and life-cycle costs |
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Term
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Definition
| This consideration concerns the schedule for design, construction, and occupancy |
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Term
1) Establish goals / Establish objectives: goals indicate what the client wants to achieve and why. They establish the direction of programmatic concepts that ultimately suggest the physical mens of achieving goals (interaction between students and teachers)
2) Collecting facts / collect, organize, and analyze data: the facts describe the existing conditions and requirements of the problem, which should not only be collected, but also organized, using such tools as the program outline format. (ex. site conditions, space adjacency needs, money available for construction, building code requirements etc)
3) Uncovering concepts / formulate relationships: develop abstract ideas that are functional solutions to the client's problems without defining the physical means that should be used to achieve them by using programmatic concepts. (provide common spaces for mixed flow in circulation patterns - a programmatic concept to increase the daily informal interaction between students and teachers)
4) Determining needs / establish priorities: this step balances the desires of the client against the available budget or establishes a budget based on the defined goals and needs; wants have to be separated from needs.
5) Stating the problem: this step summarize the essence of the problem in just a minimum of four statements, one for each of the major considerations of form, function, economy, and time. These bridge between programming and the design process. |
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Definition
| The five step process of architectural programming (based on the four major considerations) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The purpose of this is to organize programmatic data, to summarize basic project needs, and to be used as a guide during the various design phases |
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Term
1. Total building group: it refers to all the buildings that constitute a building group. It is like developing a master plan for a group, as well as its shared elements (e.g. circulation, parking ...). Note: A master plan describes the development of a site to be realized over a period of many years.
2. Component building: it refers to the functions any single building in the Total Building Group. This portion should describe the objectives of the building’s activities, the relationship between the major activity centers, the number and type of people to be housed, the amount of space needed to serve the objectives, access, ingress, egress, internal circulation, and possible extension.
3. Activity center: it refers to a space or series of spaces within the component building related to each other by function.
4. Space unit: information about the space itself.
(see Caroline's notes for images) |
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Definition
| The program outline format is broken own into 4 components: |
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Term
|
Definition
| The physical solutions to the client’s problems and which reflect approaches to satisfying programmatic concepts. |
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Term
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Definition
| The abstract ideas about how to view and solve the client’s performance problems before attempting to solve them with 3D design ideas. 24 programmatic concepts are identified in the book Problem Seeking by William Peña: |
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Term
1. Priority
2. Relationships
3. Hierarchy
4. Character
5. Density
6. Service groupings
7. Activity grouping
8. People grouping
9. Home base
10. Communications
11. Neighbors
12. Accessibility
13. Separated flow
14. Mixed flow
15. Sequential flow
16. Orientation
17. Flexibility
18. Tolerance
19. Safety
20. Security controls
21. Energy conservation
22. Environmental controls
23. Phasing
24. Cost control |
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Definition
| 24 programmatic concepts are identified in the book Problem Seeking by William Peña: |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a term created by Edward T. Hall to describe the interrelated observations and theories of humans’ use of space as a specialized elaboration of culture. It deals with the issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people in space, all relative to the culture of which they are part |
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Term
| Behavior setting, Territoriality, Personalization, Status, and Group Interaction |
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Definition
| What are the five types of of proxemics? |
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Term
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Definition
| These affect of the environment on human activity. It can be though as a particular place, with definable boundaries and objects within the place, in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time. Example: the activity dictates the behavior; a weekly board of associates meeting in a conference room. The activity of the meeting follows a procedure, it occurs in the same place, and the room is arranged to assist that activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| The need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own; people need a place they can call their own. Environments should allow people to claim territory and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage in. |
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Term
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Definition
| People need to arrange their environment to reflect their presence and uniqueness. Example: moving a chair to make viewing a screen easier. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism that indicate/communicate status for some human beings. Example: in the US someone with a corner office has more status than someone with only one exterior wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| An environment can either facilitate or hinder human interaction. In most behavior settings, groups are disposed to act a certain way. If the setting is not conductive to the activities, people will modify it or modify their behavior. |
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Term
1. Sociopetal: spaces, buildings, rooms, and even furniture can be considered sociopetal if they bring people together.
2. Sociofugal: it refers to conditions that just do the opposite of sociopetal; they tend to discourage interaction or social contact.
3. Personal Space: there four basic distances that can used to study human behavior: |
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Definition
| Three types of group interaction: |
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Term
→ Intimate distance: people come within this distance for special conditions
→ Personal distance: general distance maintained between a person and other people
→ Social distance: interaction between strangers
→ Public distance: greatest amount of formality |
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Definition
| The four basic distances that can be used to study human behavior: |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance for intimate distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance for personal distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance for social distance |
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Term
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Definition
| Distance for public distance |
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Term
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Definition
| The four parts of object structure |
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Term
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Definition
| This indicates position. It has no dimension and does not occupy space. It can represent the beginning and ending of a line. It is the place where two lines intersect. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the path described when a point moves. It has a position, direction, and length, but no thickness. This is bounded by two points and forms the border of a plane. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is the path described by a line in motion, in a direction other than its own direction. This has position, direction, length, and width, but no thickness. It is bounded by lines and defines the external limits of a volume. |
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Term
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Definition
| 3D space describe by a plane in motion in a direction other than parallel to itself. It has position in space and his bounded by planes. |
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Term
Shape
Size
Color
Texture
Space |
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Definition
| The five parts of design characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The outline or configuration of a thing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The physical dimension of something. All shapes have this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The appearance of something caused by the quality of light reflected by it. Shapes are distinguished from their surroundings in part due to this. |
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Term
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Definition
| The surface characteristics of an object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The interval between points or objects. It is a 3D volume enclosed by building elements where the movement and activities of people take place. This is perceived by all of our senses. Every instance has an effect on people depending on its size, height, scale, color, and details. The shape of this can indicate how a person is expected to move. Manipulating this deals with describing the relationship between spatial design and the feeling of people in that space, achieved through design. |
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Term
Form
Scale
Proportion
Rhythm
Balance
Symmetry
Light
Color |
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Definition
| The eight parts of object characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| This is based on memory associations developed in childhood, which involve the tactile as well as visual sense (i.e. we know how a jagged rock will feel even before touching it). This can also imply movement (i.e. church spire appears to go up and up in the sky) |
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Term
Scale
An object is out of scale when something does not conform to its expected size. An extra human scale derives from allowing functions to determine size. |
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Definition
| The relative size of a structure or space in reference to the human body. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the constituent parts of a structure. It expresses the order of importance of the parts – primary, secondary, or supporting roles, by suggesting the role played by a component part in a structure. (ref. Golden Section) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a device for establishing order. It is the regular occurrence of elements, in time or in space. The essence of this is spacing, which is conveyed by a recurring design element. A texture can be thought of as a fine-scale one of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| The equilibrium among the constituent parts of the structure. It is also a visual quality. |
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Term
| Static balance and dynamic balance |
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Definition
| The two different types of balance: |
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Term
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Definition
| The parts are equal in size and located equally about a reference axis |
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Term
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Definition
| The parts are of unequal size, and arranged about a reference axis so as to compensate for their differences |
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Term
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Definition
| A balanced arrangement of elements, equally deployed on either side of a central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a design element that a designer is able to control. Variations of this must be recognized and considered. A designer can determine how it falls on a building, how it enters a building, and how its quality and intensity may be utilized. It also possesses psychological connotations(e.g. dim light = rest/meditation) |
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Term
Color
Color can also be used as a paint to unify a defect on a surface or discordant elements. Like light it has psychological effects (e.g. red = exciting), it is important for the designer to be aware of colors as they affect behavior. |
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Definition
| This cannot be separated from light. This is not experienced independently, but rather as one of several characteristics of an object or place. It is useful for articulating and accentuating form and space by establishing physical divisions, direct traffic, and emphasizing architectural elements. |
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Term
Client
People
Objects
Specific Activity
Market Study research
Numeric Method |
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Definition
| The 6 things you need to determine space and volume needs |
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Term
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Definition
| This most commonly defines the space required. Ex: an office worker needs from 100 ft2 to 250 ft2. This information is usually given in a guideline for space requirements. In some instances, space needs can be based on something that is directly related to occupancy. Ex: area per bed for the preliminary planning of a hospital. In both cases, the number of people that must be accommodated is determined and is multiplied by the area per person. |
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Term
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Definition
| This determines the amount of space required (Ex: washing machine and dryer dimensions determine the necessary clear space for where they will be located in a laundry room). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is governed by certain practices or rules related to the activity itself (Ex: a basketball court has specific dimensions and layout). |
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Term
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Definition
| This helps to determine the space/volume needs for retail sales spaces |
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Term
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Definition
| The main purpose of this is to present a logical system for the calculation of space requirements to estimate the space needs in living and work spaces. It classifies the different physical facilities (e.g. Educational Facility) into use categories (e.g. Classrooms, Labs, Library …) which will require a specific amount of space obtained using an index (multiplier). |
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Term
1) Ft2/user: Square feet per user, found using the space standards. (Ex: Classroom 15-20 ft2)
2) Hrs/Wk: Hours per week the space is being used. (Ex: Classroom being used 30h/week)
3) % of Time: Percent of time that space will be occupied while in use (Ex: Classroom student stations will be in use for 60% of the time) |
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Definition
| Factors needed to compute an index for the numeric method |
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Term
Ft2/user ÷ (Hrs/Wk x % of Time)
Example:
15 ÷ (30 x .60) = 15÷18 = .833 |
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Definition
| How do you calculate index? |
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Term
Quantity of users x Index
(this does not determine the quantity or size of classrooms, it gives a total amount of NSF needed to accommodate those users)
Example:
1st : Calculate the weekly user hours:
1,000 sociology students - 6hr/week
1,000 x 6 = 6,000 weekly hours
2nd: Calculate the Net Square Feet:
6,000 x .833 = 5,000 NSF |
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Definition
| How do you calculate NSF? |
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Term
Net Area ÷ Efficiency
Example:
5,000(NSF) ÷ 60%(Efficiency) = 8,333 sf’(Gross) |
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Definition
| How do you calculate Gross Area? |
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Term
| Space Standards /Net Square Feet per Occupant |
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Definition
| They are specified in building codes, it is the amount of usable floor area required for one person including that person’s share of floor area required for circulation to be safely housed in a space. For example: a dining table requires 15-17 ft2 for each person to be safely housed in a space. |
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Term
| NSF-Net Square Feet/Net Area /Net Assignable Area |
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Definition
| sum of all usable (leasable) floor spaces measured to the inside faces of enclosing walls or to the lines of other space separations. It does not include spaces not directly housing the primary activities of the building such as circulation and general service areas (corridors, lobbies, restrooms, custodial rooms, stairways, mechanical spaces…). These secondary spaces are referred to as the unassigned areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The sum of all building areas (assigned and unassigned) measured to the exterior face of perimeter walls, including interior walls, columns, and shafts. |
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Term
Efficiency
To increase the efficiency of a building, usually, circulation layout has to be done carefully; the least amount of corridors, the higher the efficiency. |
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Definition
| the net-to-gross ratio. The ratio maybe dictated by a client or maybe obtained using common efficiency ratios. This ratio ranges from 60-80%; any percentage below 60% is considered inefficient. Efficient means that an area is functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of space. |
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Term
55% - Hospital
60% - College (student union) / court house / retail store
65% - Apartments / College (Classroom +Admin)
70% - Auditoriums /Bank / Restaurants
75% - Prison / Office
80% - Department Store
85% - Parking garage / Service areas |
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Definition
Typical Building efficiencies for:
1) Hospital
2) College (student union)/ court house / retail store
3)Apartments / college (classroom+admin)
4) Auditoriums/Bank/Restaurant
5) Prison/Office
6) Department Store
7) Parking garage/Service areas |
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Term
NET ÷ GROSS X 100
Example:
Gross Area: 100,000 ft2
Net Square Feet: 60,000 ft2
60,000 ft2 ÷ 100,000 ft2 = .65
.65 x 100 = 65% |
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Definition
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Term
NET ÷ EFFICIENCY
Example:
Efficiency Ratio: 65% or .65
Net Square Feet: 60,000 ft2
60,000 ÷ .65 = 100,000 ft2 |
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Definition
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Term
Linear
See c's notes for image |
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Definition
Consist of a series of buildings or spaces (identical or of different sizes and shapes) that always relate to a single line. A linear organization is adaptable, easily expandable, and be built in a modular configuration.
Positive: major circulation occurs between two points.
Negative: lack of focus, may be congested, expansion may be limited. |
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Term
Axial
See c's notes for image |
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Definition
It is a variation of the linear system with two or more major linear segments about which buildings or spaces are placed.
Positive: allows for expansion.
Negative: may become extended. |
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Term
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Definition
Consists of two sets of regularly spaced parallel lines, which creates one pattern that is very strong, and one that is quite flexible.
Positive: allows for expansion in several directions, flexible, compact, and appropriate for very large buildings and building complexes where a great amount of circulation is required.
Negative: may become monotonous. |
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Term
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Definition
It is based on one space or point about which secondary elements are placed. This organization concept is often used in combination with axial or linear plans.
Positive: common point of origin, compact, allows for maximum social interaction.
Negative: somewhat inflexible. |
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Term
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Definition
More than one linear organization extends from a centralized point. This organization has a central focus and also has the ability to extend outward to connect with other spaces or expand. It can be circular or assume other shapes.
Positive: common point of origin, compact, allows for maximum social interaction, allows for expansion
Negative: may become extended |
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Term
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Definition
It is a loose composition of spaces or buildings related around a path, axis, or central space, or they are simply grouped together.
Positive: adaptable to requirements for different sizes of spaces and they are easy to add onto without disrupting the overall composition
Negative: may become extended |
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Term
| Linear, Axial, Grid, Central, Radial, Cluster |
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Definition
| Name the 6 organizational patterns |
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Term
Dumbbell, Doughnut, Grid, Radial Field
see C's notes |
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Definition
| Name the 5 circulation patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| These include spaces such as mechanical rooms and should be centrally located to minimize lengths of ducts and runs. Toilet rooms should be located to satisfy adjacency requirements or in an area that has easy access to the entire floor. |
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Term
1. Expansibility: it is the capacity of a building to be easily enlarged or added onto as needs change or growth occurs.
2. Convertibility: it allows an existing building or space to be changed according to a new use.
3. Versatility: it is the ability to use the same space for a variety of uses in order to make maximum use of a limited space. |
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Definition
| Flexibility involves what three things? |
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Term
| Matrix format, bubble diagram, and blocking and stacking diagram |
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Definition
| Ways to determine space relationships (3) |
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Term
1) housing
2) hotels
3) shopping centers
4) schools
5) churches
6) theaters
7) parking facilties
8) hospitals |
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Definition
| What are the 9 building prototypes? |
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Term
| Cost (the longer it takes, the more it will cost), design decisions, and determines the feasibility of a project. Both schedules for design and construction should be flexible and responsive to changing conditions, and allow for contingencies of at least 2-4 weeks. Several methods are used for scheduling: bar chart or Gantt chart and the Critical Path Method (CPM). |
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Definition
| Setting up a timeframe for design & construction is one of the most important parts of programming because it influences: |
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Term
1. Original team members may retire or take other positions before completion of the work;
2. Cost of the project will increase due to inflation that may result in the project being terminated or reducing its scope. |
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Definition
| Effects of extending a schedule: |
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Term
1. Team works overtime;
2. Hire more people (part-time, freelance, subcontract work);
3. Reduce the man-hours spent on the project. |
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Definition
| Methods of shortening a schedule: |
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Term
1. Higher cost of design;
2. Higher cost of construction;
3. Lower quality project. |
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Definition
| Effects of shortening a schedule: |
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Term
| The architect has control over the scheduling of design and the production of contract documents, but no control over construction. |
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Definition
The architect has control over what?
But no control over what? |
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Term
1. Schematic design phase (1-2 mo): general layout of the project, preliminary alternates studies for materials and building systems;
2. Design development phase (2-4 mo): decisions from the previous stage are refined and developed in more details, preliminary specifications, more detailed cost budget;
3. Construction documents phase (3-7 mo): final working drawings, project manual, bidding documents, contract documents;
4. Bidding or Negotiation phase (3-6 wks): obtain and analyze bids from several contractors, or negotiate a contract with one contractor;
5. Construction administration phase (varies): assure that the structure is being built according to the contract documents. |
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Definition
| What are the five phases of the design process? |
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Term
1. The size and complexity of the project;
2. The number of people working on the project – the design team;
3. The abilities and methodology of the project team – level of experience, skill;
4. The quality and completeness of the program information supplied by the client;
5. The type of client and the decision-making and approval processes of the client;
6. Financing – time to secure financing for the project. |
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Definition
| The time required for each phase of the design process depends on what 6 things? |
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Term
| A construction schedule may be established by the contractor or construction manager, but it is most often estimated by the architect during programming so the client can have an idea of the total time from conception to move-in. Keep in mind that this is just an estimate; the architect can in no way guarantee any estimate of the construction schedule to the client like design scheduling, construction scheduling can be affected by many variables, where most can be controlled, and others not. |
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Definition
| Who creates the construction schedule? |
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Term
1. The size and complexity of the project;
2. The weather;
3. Labor availability & labor disputes;
4. Material delivery time;
5. The quality and completeness of the architect’s drawings and specification;
6. The management ability of the contractor to organize his/her own forces and subcontractors;
7. New construction or remodeling project;
8. Site conditions;
9. The architect-engineer – some or more demanding than others;
10. Lender approvals;
11. Agency and governmental approvals- permit… |
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Definition
| The time required for construction scheduling depends on some of the following factors: |
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Term
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Definition
| It indicates the starting and finishing dates of major activities of the project. The various activities of the schedule are listed along a vertical axis, and the overlaps of these activities are indicated by bars. However, it does not indicate the relationship between the sequences of activities or the dependency of an activity on the completion of the previous activity. It is superior to CPM as a means of visual communication, and inferior to CPM as a management tool. |
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Term
CPM – Critical Path Method
see c's notes |
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Definition
| it depicts all the tasks required to complete a project, the sequence in which they occur, their duration, the earliest, or latest possible starting time. It also defines the sequence of critical paths*. It is also known as the network diagram, which must be continuous, with no gaps or discontinuities |
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Term
The critical path time; reducing critical activities on the critical path reduces the whole construction schedule.
(Note: At the end of the CPM planning, the project calendar can be determined by converting activity working days into Calendar Days, multiply the working days by 7 and divide by 5.) |
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Definition
| The most effective method to save on construction time is to reduce _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a technique to save on overall time in completing an entire project by combining the architect/engineer schedules with the builder’s construction schedule. It requires close coordination, staged bidding, and it is typical to hire a construction manager to supervise the construction process to establish a degree of control over cost and time, and establish responsibility. Oversights and corrections are to be expected; they are an integral part of fast-track scheduling. Note: fast-track scheduling is considered to be an additional service for the architect. |
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Term
Design - award - build (Design - Bid - Build)
Construction Management
Design Build
see c's notes |
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Definition
| What are the types of project delivery methods? |
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Term
| Blanket loan / Blanket Mortgage |
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Definition
| This type of loan is used for the purchase of land that the developer intends to subdivide and resell; generally includes a clause that releases each subdivided plot from the loan as it is purchased and a portion of the debt is repaid |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of loan is a kind of debt security issued by a government entity to raise money to finance a construction project |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a short‐term loan used to quickly purchase property or to finance a project that must begin immediately while waiting on another lender to approve a long term loan; |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used to finance the building of a project for the duration of construction. Once construction is complete, the loan must be converted into a long-term, permanent loan whereby the lender is repaid monthly. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a relatively short-term loan used where there is a distressed financial situation (foreclosure, bankruptcy, or nonpayment of previous loan). The amount of the loan is based on the quick‐sale value (usually less than the market value) of an asset (property or real estate). |
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Term
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Definition
| This is often used by developers for large projects. It is a large loan with variable interest rate that increases substantially near the time repayment is due. The loan is secured by using stocks in the developer’s company as collateral in case of default; this loan is based on a gamble that property will produce enough revenue to repay the loan when the interest rates escalate. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is a fixed or adjustable interest rate; secured by the property purchased; when debt is repaid borrower has clear title to the property. |
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Term
| General sales taxes (general tax revenues) and property taxes |
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Definition
| the money collected is put in a general fund and used as required by that jurisdiction. They are typically used to fund public works, used to provide ongoing operation and maintenance of existing facilities and normal capital improvements (Ex: replacing curbs, remodeling schools…). |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tax imposed for general governmental purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| Tax based on the value of property being taxed; it is an ad valorem tax |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tax imposed for a specific purpose or by a single-purpose authority. This type of tax requires a majority vote of the people in the district (Ex: fund a major transportation project). |
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Term
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Definition
| These are used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public facilities and to purchase property that does not collect revenue. The principal and interest on such bonds are paid form general tax revenues (Ex: schools, museums, libraries, parks…). It does not encourage private development. |
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Term
| Revenue Bonds / Rate supported bonds |
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Definition
| This is used to finance revenue producing facilities. The bonds are paid back by the revenue from customers using the services that the bond funding paid for (Ex: toll bridges, City water and sewer…) |
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Term
| Public enterprise revenue bonds |
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Definition
| This is used to finance facilities for revenue producing public enterprises. The bonds are paid off from revenues generated by the facility through the charges they impose (airports, parking garage, hospitals…) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used to purchase land, planning, and public works improvement to encourage private development and it is based on increased taxes due to increased property value. The tax increment acquired from the increased taxes is used to pay the bond issued to originate the development. |
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Term
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Definition
| The costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development. (Ex: hookup fees for utility service…) |
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Term
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Definition
| This is not used to fund construction, rather they are requirements that developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities made necessary by local governments. |
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Term
| Special district assessment / Business improvement districts (BIDs) / Benefit assessments |
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Definition
| This is used to finance public space improvements in order to enhance an area’s appeal and, indirectly, its property values (Ex: park, streetscapes…). Owners within the district’s boundaries are required to contribute through assessed taxes, only if a majority of them has agreed to the improvement. |
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Term
Project budget: [there is a cap] the purpose of a project budget is to develop cost parameters within which the owner and architect will work. The project budget establishes cost limits, which reflect all anticipated costs.
Construction estimates: [subject to change] require adjustments during the course of development. (change order or construction change directive) |
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Definition
| What is the difference between project budget and construction estimates? |
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Term
| quantity, quality, available funds, and time |
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Definition
| Budgets are established following four basic variables: |
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Term
1. Pro format statement, from which an estimated selling price is calculated and balanced against all the various cost – e.g. construction cost – which becomes the budget within which the architect must work.
2. Public funding or legislation – revenue taxes, bonds – where construction budget is often fixed without the architect’s involvement, and the project must be built and designed for the fixed amount
3. Architects at the request of the owner set a budget and base it on the proposed project. This proposed budget can be further reviewed using value engineering.
See c's note for table |
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Definition
| The methods to establish project budgets: |
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Term
1) Unit cost system
2) Building subsystem
3) Component cost system
4) Composite unit rates
5) Parameter method
6) Matrix costing |
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Definition
| 6 Methods of estimating cost |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Programming) – cost per square foot based on recent experience – it enables estimators to apply cost data accumulated from one building to a different building type, provided the design and performance criteria are similar. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Schematic design) – enables comparison between different conceptual solutions. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Design development) – enables a more precise selection of components and systems. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Construction documents) – these rates are for construction components, assemblies, and systems and are required for pre-bid estimates, final cost checks, the contractor’s cost breakdown, and used as a basis for verifying the contractor’s payment requests. |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Construction documents) involves an expanded itemization of construction quantities and assignment of unit costs to these quantities. It makes it possible to evaluate the cost implications of each building component and to make decisions concerning both quality and quantity in order to meet the original budget estimate. Instead of using one number for floor finishes, the cost is broken down into carpeting, unfinished concrete… |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Design development) it is a way of comparing and evaluating alternative construction components. In this method, a matrix is drawn showing, along one side, the various alternatives, and, along the other side, the individual elements that combine to produce the total cost of the alternatives. |
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Term
1. Geographical location
2. Availability of labor and materials – shortage, demand & supply
3. Resources to produce or fabricate materials
4. Convenience of available transportation systems
5. Price control / credit control
6. Labor costs largely influenced by building trade unions
7. Inflation – one method to estimate cost escalation based on Cost indexes |
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Definition
| Construction Cost is affected by: |
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Term
1. Scope – what is included in the building (program)
2. Quality – level of quality achievable
3. Budget – how much money can the owner spend? |
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Definition
| Cost estimates are based on 3 factors: |
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Term
|
Definition
| Construction cost based on location: lowest cost for development because of its proximity to urban areas. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Construction cost based on location: highest cost for development mainly because of labor rates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Construction cost based on location: variable cost based on accessibility by existing transportation routes. |
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Term
Cost Indexes
Example: Cost Index in Miami is 950. Cost Index in Fort Lauderdale where you will be building is 1040. If the expected construction cost estimate is $ 1, 400,560 based on prices in Miami, what will be the expected cost in Fort Lauderdale?
1. Divide Higher index by Lower Index: 1040 ÷ 950 = 1.095
2. Multiply the result by the base cost: ($1,400,560)(1.095) = $1,533,613.20 |
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Definition
| These are calculated by averaging costs in a number of major US cities. It is intended to be a construction cost indicator. The indexes can be used to apply costs from one part of the country to another and to escalate past costs to the expected midpoint of construction of the project being budgeted |
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Term
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Definition
| Furniture that are not built-ins such as individual tables, chairs, case goods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Components that can be assembled, configured, and reconfigured to create workstations or workspaces. |
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Term
1. To furnish a new space – it includes reconfiguring an existing space;
2. To replace or upgrade an existing FF&E – replace outdated technologies;
3. To refurbish existing furniture – refinish existing furniture instead of buying new ones;
4. To expedite FF&E procurement – in order to get products in time for a fast track project;
5. To simplify FF&E procurement – assemble multiple FF&E’s in one package for a single point of sale. |
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Definition
| Reasons for FF&E services: |
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Term
1. Evaluate Client Needs (FF&E Programming Process) – identify and document needs for all functional spaces;
2. Prepare a Cost Estimate – based on actual cost of comparable items/product (the client must approve the estimate before moving on to the next step)
3. Select Furniture based on:
Function – needs of the client or program
Durability – wear and tear
Aesthetics – level of quality
Budget – available funds
Style – scale, proportion… in relation to space
4. Prepare Specifications – requirements for delivery, installation, warranties… using
Proprietary (Closed): no product substitution allowed, more control
Descriptive (Open): used in competitive bidding, less control
Performance: vendors propose products that they think will meet the requirement
5. Assemble Bid Package and Solicitation Bids
6. Administer Contract
7. Oversee Ordering Phase (furniture acquisition process task)
8. Oversee Tracking/Scheduling Phase (furniture acquisition process task) |
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Definition
| Procedure Outline for FF&E services: |
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Term
Function – needs of the client or program
Durability – wear and tear
Aesthetics – level of quality
Budget – available funds
Style – scale, proportion… in relation to space |
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Definition
| Select Furniture based on: |
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Term
Proprietary (closed)
Descriptive (open)
Performance |
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Definition
| Types of specifications (3) |
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Term
− AIA B153 - Owner and Architect for FF&E Design Services;
− AIA B253 - Architect's Services: Furniture, Furnishings and Equipment Design;
− AIA A151 - Owner and Vendor for FF&E where the Basis of Payment is a Stipulated Sum;
− AIA A251 - General Conditions of the Contract for FF&E;
− AIA A751 - Invitation and Instructions for Quotation for FF&E. |
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Definition
| The following AIA contract documents are used for FF&E services: |
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Term
1. Supplier sends shop drawings and submittals to the architect for review
2. Purchase orders are sent directly to the owner for payment; the architect is copied on all correspondence and notified of any issues;
3. The architect helps establish an installation schedule, and punch list |
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Definition
| The overall procedure for administration of FF&E contracts are as follows: |
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Term
Occupancy group, construction type, and fire hazard
which influences
test and standards used, means of egress design, and fire resistive rating
see c's diagram page 36 |
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Definition
| Buildings are classified in the building code according to: |
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Term
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Definition
| Codes are written on the basis of ________ which is the minimum level required for building and occupant safety |
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Term
| International Building Code (IBC) |
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Definition
| It is the primary building model code and it is a prescriptive code. A model building code is one that is written without reference to any particular geographical area. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is used in conjunction with the building codes by some jurisdiction but it is not a legal code. It addresses construction, protection, and occupancy features necessary to minimize danger to life from fire including smoke, fumes, or panic. It does not address general fire damage prevention or building construction features that are normally part of the fire or building codes. This also addresses egress. |
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Term
| ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials |
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Definition
| This publishes standards and test procedures; it does not actually perform tests, but its procedures and standards are used by testing agencies. |
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Term
| NFPA – National Fire Protection Agency |
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Definition
| This develops standards related to the causes and prevention of destructive fires. |
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Term
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Definition
| These are standard writing organizations that have an interest in a particular material, product, or filed of expertise, such as ASHRAE (American Society for Heating, Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Engineers) |
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Term
| ANSI – American National Standard Institute |
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Definition
| This does not develop or write standards; it approves standards developed by other organizations and works to avoid duplications between different standards. |
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Term
| NRTL – Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory |
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Definition
| When a standard describes a test procedure or requires tests in its description of a material or product, a testing lab must perform the test. Underwriters Laboratories (UL) is one of the most well known NRTL’s. |
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Term
Listed label: passed safety test and is manufactured under the UL follow-up services program.
Classified label: samples of the product were tested for certain types of uses only. |
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Definition
| There are 2 types of UL labels: |
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Term
Fire partition
Minimum Partition Rating: 1 hr
Minimum Opening rating:
Corridors: 20 min.
Others: 45 min or ¾ hour |
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Definition
| This provides a continuous barrier from the floor to the underside of the floor or ceiling above, or to the ceiling of a fire-resistance rated floor/ceiling or roof/ceiling assembly. Example: corridor walls, walls separating dwelling units… |
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Term
Fire Barrier
Minimum Partition Rating: 1hr or more
Minimum Opening rating:
20 min. to 3hrs depending on the fire barrier’s rating
maximum aggregate width of 25%
single opening cannot exceed 120ft2 in area |
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Definition
| It is a vertical or horizontal assembly that is fire-resistance rated and is designed to restrict the spread of fire, confine it to limited areas, and/or afford safe passage for protected egress. Example: stairways, separate mixed-use occupancy... |
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Term
Fire Wall
Minimum Partition Rating: 2 hrs to 4 hrs
Minimum opening rating: no openings |
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Definition
| It is a fire- resistance rated wall that is used to separate a single structure into separate construction types or to provide for allowable area increases by creating what amounts to separate buildings even though they are attached. They must extend continuously form the foundation to or through the roof. Example: wall separating row house units. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continuous vertical or horizontal membrane that is designed and constructed to restrict movement of smoke. It is a passive form of smoke control. Openings in smoke barriers must have a t least a 20-minute rating. |
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Term
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Definition
| This refers to the type of use of a building or interior space. Every building or portion of a building is classified according to its use and is assigned an occupancy group based on similar life- safety characteristics, fire hazards, and combustible contents; different uses in a building require different responses to maintain fire and life safety. |
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Term
| Mixed occupancy & Occupancy separation |
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Definition
| It happens when a building or area of a building containing two or more occupancies; each occupancy must be separated from other occupancies with a fire barrier. The idea is to increase the fire protection between occupancies as the relative hazard increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A space or room that is an accessory to a main occupancy but that does not exceed 10% of the floor area of the main occupancy. It does not need to be separated from the main occupancy with a fire barrier. Ex: a small gift shop in a hospital |
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Term
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Definition
| A space or room, not exceeding 10% of the floor area of the story where it is located, which is incidental to a main occupancy and has the same qualification has the nearest main occupancy, but must be separated from the main occupancy by a fire barrier. Ex: linen collection room on the same floor as hotel rooms |
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Term
Mixed occupancy & Occupancy separation
Accessory use occupancy
Incidental use occupancy |
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Definition
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Term
The five types of construction are: Type I, II, III, IV, and V.
Type I buildings are most fire resistive, while type V is the least fire resistive.
Type I and II are noncombustible. Types III, IV, V are considered combustible. |
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Definition
| Name the different construction types: |
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Term
Situation 1: If the occupancy group and construction type are known, simply find the intersection of the row “occupancy” and the column “ type”, read the permitted area or height, and then increase the areas according to the percentages allowed for sprinklers and perimeter space.
Situation 2: required floor area and occupancy are known, the architect must determine the construction type to meet the client size needs. This process is usually done during the pre-design part of a project.
Situation 3: an architect may be asked to design for occupancy different than the original occupancy as part of a remodeling project. If the existing building is too large, the project will be unfeasible, unless significant steps are taken such as including a sprinkler system or adding a fire wall.
Situation 4: required floor space of a project exceeds that allowed by the code and for the construction type the architect wants to use. In this case, the architect can subdivide the building into smaller portions with fire walls; those portions are then considered as separate buildings. |
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Definition
| How to use the Allowable Floor Area and Height table: The concept is the more hazardous the building, the smaller it should be. The table can be used to find solutions to several situations: |
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Term
1. Follow the code for setback requirements from the property line, which includes provisions for the exterior bearing wall required fire-protection rating and limitations on openings;
2. Allow for a greater setback than required from the code to diminish the limitations on openings and fire-protection rating for lower cost or other reasons. |
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Definition
| Construction type influences the location of a building on a property – 2 choices: |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a continuous and unobstructed path of vertical and horizontal egress (exit) travel from any point in a building or structure to a public way |
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Term
Exit access, exit, and exit discharge
See notes on these in C's notes - page 41 |
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Definition
| Egress system is composed of 3 parts: |
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Term
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Definition
| The number of people that a building code assumes will occupy a given building or portion of a building. |
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Term
1. actual number of people: the space or building is designated to accommodate, typically used where fixed seating exist.
2. determine the occupant load factor: as given in the code by dividing the area in ft2 by the occupant load factor.
3. determine the cumulative occupant load: where occupants exit through intervening spaces to an ultimate exit |
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Definition
| The IBC requires that occupant load be established by taking the largest number determined by one of the three methods: |
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Term
Up to maximum occupancy load
1 exit
More than maximum occupancy load
2 exits
Common path of egress travel more than the limit of travel in code
2 exits
Occupancy load between 501- 1000
3 exits
Occupancy load 1001 or more
4 exits |
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Definition
| Number of exits required: |
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Term
Common path of egress travel
If the common path of egress travel is greater than 75 feet provide 2 exits, except in H occupancy group. Sometimes, the common path of egress travel can be extended to 100 feet, if certain conditions are met, such as a fully sprinklered building. |
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Definition
| The portion of an exit access that the occupants are required to traverse before two separate and distinct paths of egress travel to two exits are available. |
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Term
Exit access travel distance
Travel distances are based on the occupancy and whether or not the building is sprinklered. |
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Definition
| The distance that an occupant must travel from the most remote point in the occupied portion of the exit access to the entrance to the nearest exit. Because exit access areas are not protected, the code limits how far someone must travel to safety. |
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Term
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Definition
Separation of exits
Width of exits
Fire rating for corriors
etc etc etc |
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Term
| Exit through intervening spaces |
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Definition
| Egress can pass through an adjoining room provided that the room is accessory to the area served and if the adjoining room is not an H occupancy. |
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Term
1. Kitchens
2. Storage rooms
3. Closets
4. Any other spaces of similar purposes |
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Definition
| Exits cannot pass through: |
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Term
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Definition
| The act or process of applying measures necessary to sustain the existing form, integrity and materials of an historic property. |
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Term
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Definition
| Term used in historic preservation when you designate certain areas to be repaired or restored at a later date, under a later contract. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of adapting old structures for purposes other than those initially intended while retaining their historic features. Example: An old factory may become an apartment building - loft. |
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Term
1. Preservation
2. Rehabilitation
3. Restoration
4. Reconstruction |
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Definition
| 4 treatments are applied to historic structures from most historically accurate to least: |
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Term
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Definition
| [re-creation of history] least historically accurate and allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, structure, or object in new materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| [only keep material from on period, removes others] focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property’s history, while permitted the removal of materials of other periods |
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Term
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Definition
| [keep historic character but makes it look better] emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes the property is more deteriorated prior to work. |
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Term
| Secretary of Interior’s Standards for Rehabilitation |
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Definition
It is a guide to historic rehabilitation developed by the Historic Preservation Service of the National Park Service;
They are applied to specific rehabilitation projects taking into consideration economic and technical feasibility;
Those standards must be met if Federal Tax Investment Credits are to be involved;
Those standards take precedence over local requirements; |
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Term
1. identify, retain and preserve
2. protect and maintain
3. repair
4. replace
5. remove existing features from other historic periods
6. recreate missing features |
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Definition
| The Historic Preservation Service of the National Park Service provides several recommendations for the treatment of historic masonry in several categories: |
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Term
Automobile, pedestrian, and service.
Note: service and automobile circulation should be kept separate. |
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Definition
| There are 3 major types of site circulation: |
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Term
| Perimeter protection (1st line of defense on a site, e.g. fences), access and parking (e.g. limiting access points), on-site security (e.g. nighttime lighting), and building envelope protection (final layer of security, e.g. camera surveillance). |
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Definition
| Site security can be accomplished by viewing the site at four different levels: |
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Term
1. Large scale: the metropolitan region (city);
2. Smaller scale: the community and neighborhood. |
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Definition
| The form of urban development can be viewed at two scales: |
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Term
1. geographic features
2. The layout of transportation, most notably the highway
3. Land use plans. |
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Definition
| At the city scale, in the 20th century, the pattern of development has been generally determined by: |
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Term
1. Rectilinear pattern
2. Circular pattern
3. Radiocentric |
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Definition
| Typical town patterns of development have been used as planning tools throughout history: |
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Term
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Definition
| This typical town pattern originated in agricultural societies. Derived from the logic of parallel furrow plowing (parallel lines that the machine does when moving earth). It also suited the logic of ordered planning, property ownership, and building construction. Used often but not always for agricultural settlements. |
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Term
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Definition
| This typical town pattern is derived from practices of herding societies: the necessity of enclosing the maximum amount of land with the minimum amount of fence. It is also suited for the logic of economical fortification. Used often but not always for military installations. |
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Term
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Definition
| This typical town pattern is a consequence of incremental urban growth, radiating from a center and expanding outward to an urban periphery. |
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Term
Sir Christopher Wren
Astronomer, Geometer, Mathematician-physicist, Architect |
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Definition
Master plan for rebuilding the city of London after the Great Fire of 1666 (not used)
Designed 51 churches in the city of London
Work: St. Paul’s Cathedral (1710) |
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Term
Kevin Lynch
Urban Planner / Author |
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Definition
Coined the words “imageability” and “wayfinding”
Wrote The Image of the City which influenced urban planning and environmental psychology |
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Term
Christopher Wolfgang Alexander
Architect |
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Definition
| Wrote A Pattern Language which describes a practical architectural system called a “generative form”. The reasoning is that users know more about the buildings they need than any architect could; the "pattern language" is designed to empower anyone to design and build at any scale. |
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Term
Jane Jacobs
Writer/Activist/Urban Theorist |
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Definition
Wrote The Death and Life of Great American Cities which is a critique of urban renewal policy of the 1950s and how they destroyed communities and created isolated, unnatural urban spaces.
Jacobs advocated the abolition of zoning laws and restoration of free markets in land, which would result in vibrant, dense, and mixed-use neighborhoods and communities
Frequently cited Greenwich Village as an example of a vibrant urban community
Coined phrase “eyes on the street” a reference to natural surveillance by people in their neighborhood |
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Term
Camillo Sitte
Architect / City Planning Theorist/ Painter/Art Historian |
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Definition
Authority on urban construction planning and regulation in Europe
Wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles which suggested that the quality of urban space is more important than architectural form (the whole is much more than sum of its parts)
Planning cannot be done in 2D, but IN 3D.
Believed Greek spaces like the agora (gathering place) or forum(marketplace) were good urban spaces
Said a public square should be seen as a room and should form an enclosed space
Churches and monuments shouldn’t be isolated, but integrated into the squares
Thought that the experience of an irregular urban structure with big plazas and monuments was more appropriate than the hygienic planning procedures in practice at the time. |
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Term
Georges-Eugène Haussmann
(a.k.a. Baron Haussmann)
Civic Planner |
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Definition
Responsible for the plan to rebuild and “modernize” Paris under Napoléon III
Rebuilding of Paris plan inspired some of the most important architectural movements including the City Beautiful Movement in the United States
Encompassed all aspects of urban planning, both in the city center and in the surrounding districts.
Cut down the Luxembourg Garden and destroyed much of the old city with twisting streets and rundown apartments.
Built new wide tree lined boulevards. Placed regulations on facades/heights of buildings, public parks, sewers/waterworks, facilities and monuments.
Influenced by the frequency of street revolutions, now streets were too broad for rebels to build barricades and military could assemble and get through |
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