pseudocode

an english-like representation of the logical steps it takes to solve a problem

input output/parallelogram
processing/rectangle
start stop (terminal)/lozenge
decision/diamond
connector/inverse triangle
method or pre-defined process/rectangle with margins
note-ann./bent rectangle

class

a category of things. it defines the characteristics of its objects and the methods that can be applied to its objects

method

a set of statements that performs some task or group of tasks.

main() method

name of method when class contains only one method

identifier

name of programming object.
may only be one word-no spaces. should use appropriately descriptive name.

return statement

marks the end of every method

variables

location in computer memory (ram). contents can vary or differ over time. mostly hold attributes of object. name must be one word-no spaces and can not begin with a number-only letter

assignment statements

statements that assign value to variables

=

variable assignment symbol e.g.

calculatedAnswer=inputNumber*2

named constant

memory location whose contents do not vary during execution of program

2 data types

text, numeric
can be variable or constant

string constant

one or more characters enclosed within quotation marks. e.g. lastname="Lincoln" - last name will be 'Lincoln' throughout method
synonymous with 'character constant'

string variable

variable that holds character values

numeric variable

variable that holds a number

integer variable

numeric variable holding whole numbers ranging from -2147483647 to 2147483647

float variable

a real number in a floating point representation
e.g.
float GPA=3.99

char variable

ONE character-letter, or small INTEGER in the range from -128 to 127
often used for yes/no

boolean

value that can be ONLY true(1) or false (2)

static variable

variable that is GLOBAL
e.g.
static int global_counter

order of operations

Precedence, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction.

!, ++x,--x, *, /, %, +, -, <, <=, >, >=, ==,  !==, &&, II, x++, x--

in order of highest to lowest priority: not; increment, decrement, multiplication, division, modulus, addition, subtraction, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, identical-used to compare if equal, not identical-used to compare if not equal, and, or, increment after operation, decrement after operation

modulus operation

operation where variables are divided, answer is the remainder.
12/7= 1 w/remainder of 5. 
answer is 5

operation scenario
int*int =

int

operation scenario
int*float =

float

operation scenario
float *int =

float

operation scenario
double*int =

double

operation scenario
int*double =

double

operation scenario
programmer set*float =

float

operation scenario
int/int =

int

operation scenario
float/float =

float

operation scenario
float/float =

float

operation scenario
int/float =

int

operation scenario
float/int =

float

operation scenario
programmer set/int =

int

operation scenario
programmer set/float =

float

member access specifier: public, protceted, private

Public: methods/prototypes and variables that can be accessed by the source and the main (can be changed by end user)
Protected: access member via ONLY the subclass class methods
Private: methods/prototypes and variables that can not be accessed by the main, but can be accessed by the source (program - eg. tests scores can be entered by end user. average is worked out and displayed by the computer, not entered by user.)
NEITHER CAN BE INITIALIZED, whatever the fuck that means

inheritance theory
"is-a(n)" relationship

needed when multiple classes are very similar in nature. structure is Super Class & Sub Classes that share common variables with eachother. e.g.
Super Class - Employee
Sub Class - Full Time Proff
Sub Class - Part Time Proff
name, ssn, d.o.b., address fields will be the same, though each subclass will have unique fields in addition to common fields

polymorphism

a single name can have multiple meanings in the context of inheritance. it allows coder to set up method of the same name can call appropriate method in respective classes. e.g. "endOfMonthFees" can be applied to checking account info and savings account info using same method in different classes, using some common variables

logical expression

used for certain conditions, can be exact, or wide ranging, computer will match up conditions you create, wathch for conditions that are alike, prepare fo ANY possible condition, even if you think it's impossible. type of coding: if/else; if/else-if's; logical symbols used to compare

relational operators

<,>,<=,>=,==,!

variables, conditions
or-ll(if x is true, or y is true, answer is true)
x=0,y=0;answer=false
x=1,y=1;answer=true
same process with and-&&, not-!, equal-==
order of operations is !; ==/!==; ll

unknown variable tables

used when designing a project with many possible conditions to make sure all (im)possible conditions are covered. helpful for error checking.
e.g. if ((grade teamallowed))

binary increments

128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1

if/else statements

when "if" conditions are met, process will run. if not, and it meets "else" statement, that process will run. if there's no "else" statement when "if" condition is not met, program will not run, there will be an error message.
if(condition)
{statement; } //if one line statement
if (condition)
{
statement1;
statement2;
} //if multiple lined statement

ELSE
if (condition)
{statement;}
else
{statement2;}
e.g.
else//then passed
if(score>90)
{ cout <<"teacher's pet!!!"<<endl;}
else
{ cout<<"You Passed"<<endl; }

nested if/else statement(s)

if/else statement(s) within if/else statments. after branching off, statements do not interact
you want to make as many branches as possible to narrow down conditions. e.g.
if (condition 1) -->(if)
                        -->(else)
else
if(condition 2)
    if(condition2)-->(if)-->(if)
                                 -->(else)
                         -->(else)-->(if)
                                      -->(else)
else
   if(condition3) - ad infinitum

  

return statement within if statements

return will break out of function, will end program, but may return some value (t,f,void, or a value)

loop

iterative statements (repeated steps)

loop - steps

initialization, testing/condition, incrementing

loop initialization

variable is sole controller of when loop is started and stopped.
variable can be a number that will need to change from a starting value, to an ending value, usually the start and ending values are big enough

loop testing/condition

must have condition in any loop or variable and loop will fail and the world will end.
conditions in loop are the same as in if statements

incrementing/decrementing

++x changes value before modification/loop in code completed.
x++ changes value (adds 1)after modification/loop in code completed
--x, x-- (same as above process but subtracts 1instead)

while loop (counter)

//initialization
int count=0
while (coun<10)//condition
{statements;
...
...
count ++; //incrementation
}

while loop (non-counter)

//initialization
char answer='N';
while (answer !='Q')//condition
{
statements;
...
...
cout <<Press Q to Quit<< endl;
cin>>answer;
}

while loops

used extensively in reading data from a file.
make sure { }'s are in block line structure
initialize variable BEFORE the loop
initializing variable is SET so that the loop will run
used when NOT exatly sure when the loop should or will end, or when the USER will define when to end

for loop

puts all three parts (initialization, testing, incrementing) in one line statements inside { }'s are in block like structure;used when you know  EXACTLYwhen the loop should end, or how many times the loop should be run before it ends
NONE of the three stages HAVE to be set, in order to work-you could have a totally empty for loop. that's unusual though. when condition is no longer met, loop ends.
e.g.
void main()
{int i;
/*repeat 10 times*/
for (i=0; i <10; i++
{cout<< "I will not chew gum in class."<< endl; }
}

importance of initialization's position - inside loop/outside loop

initialization variable declared inside loop is only applied while loop is running
if declared outside loop, variable retains declared value even after loop ends.

loop break e.g.

void main ()
{
for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
{
if (i>3)&&(i<7))
{cout << "Greater than 3"<< endl; continue; }
if(i<5)
{cout<<"Less than 5"<<endl; }
if(i>6)
{cout<< "See ya"; break;}
}

void main ()

function will not return a value

methods in theory

procedure to complete a task, no matter how large or small; should be in small pieces for many reasons; sequential-compiler will read top to bottom so variables must be declared at the beginning of the method for later use. first line of any method is called a "method header"

function

short cut consisting of pre-defined steps bundled under 1 name or designation. you can reference throughout program (calling function) and all instructions in function will run. imagining 3 blocks stacked upon eachother, the top is for global variables, the middle for the main, the bottom contains the function(s). mechanically, the program starts at the main and follows instructions until coming upon pre-defined instruction to call a function. the program then skips down to the function instructions (bottom block), follows the instructions of the function and upon completion, returns to main(middle block) and to continue where it left off.

int method e.g.

global
_____________
int zipcode()
{
....
....
int zip=21118; //put in your zip code 
return zip;
}
no parentheses because this is not a function but a variable!!! zipcode() acts like a value, since it returns an int value

simple method calling

to call a method, it must be called from another method.
e.g.
void main()
{
hello x=new Hello();
         x.greeting
}
public void greeting()
{
cout<< "Hi, my name is Mr. Lupoli"<<endl;
}
parameters were needed so () was left empty. all that was needed to call method was method name and ()s. any method can call any other method.

scope of variables-global/local

global variables can be accessed throughout the entire program
local variables begin and finish within the method it was created and can only be accessed by that method

parameters

indicate what is needed for specific method to run. if (), there are no parameters. used when you need to pass if you wish to, change more than one value/variable, pass in variables that are needed to run a program

simple void method with parameters

int Ravens=0, Steelers=14
temp_swap(Ravens, Steelers);
void temp_swap(int a, int b)
{
int temp = a;//a=0, b=14
b= a;
b= temp;
cout <<a<<"-"<<b<< endl; //result is a=14, b=0, displays as Ravens 14, Steelers 0.
in this example, int a is the ALIAS for Ravens, int b is the ALIAS for Steelers. when commanded to swap, the method switches aliases, keeps the inputed scores.

key features of method to identify

return type - ie void etc.
local variables - defined inside or outside method?
returning a value - if void, none, if not void, must return value

reason for using methods

reusability. one method can be called many times throughout program to take care of several matrices.

methods within classes

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values

variable that holds character values