Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Professional Practice
n/a
189
Architecture
Graduate
12/13/2010

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Hub and spoke method
Definition
form of project organization where all communications flow through one central party that makes all decisions
Term
Critical Path Method
Definition

aka Pert chart

- like a Gantt but adds what specific tasks need to be done for each other task to start

Term
partnering
Definition

formal process which encourages teamwork and helps prevent disputes,

as opposed to hub and spoke model

Term
detailed quantity take off
Definition
non standard service an architect may provide for an owner, lists exact quanitty for every item of construction
Term
detailed cost estimate
Definition
architect qualified to provide this non-standard service to owner; inventories quantities and applies appropriate market costs
Term
life cycle cost analysis
Definition

architect qualified to provide this non-standard service to owner; determines real cost of building over its useful lifetime

Term
zoning
Definition
macro set of building laws controlling size and shape of a building on a given site
Term
building codes
Definition
more micro set of building regulations, particularly dealing with safety
Term
two parts of zoning codes
Definition
map and text
Term
permitted uses
Definition
indication of what use can be located in a zone
Term
bulk
Definition
allowable size and shape of building
Term
design controls
Definition
sometimes appearance is an inclusion of zoning
Term
maximum buildout
Definition
the most area and best envelope configuration allowed by zoning codes
Term
tended to be more performance based and less perscriptive
Definition
IBC
Term
construction classification
Definition
terms set out by building codes
Term
occupancy, assembly, storage, fireproofing, means of egress, max dead-end length
Definition
determined by building codes
Term
subdivision requirements
Definition
requirements in suburban areas on top of codes and zoning; typically mindful of access, density, layout, sewate, utilities, water supply
Term
historic preservation
Definition
either advisory or mandatory laws, or incentives, which respect historical structures
Term
private covenants
Definition
required by sellers of purchasers before zoning and building codes existed
Term
variance
Definition
waiver to as-of-right zoning
Term
means of changing the profession
Definition

- teach architects added value

- improve professional education

- retake leadership in construction industry

- remake construction industry

- forge new relations

- sell ideas not time

-quantify value of better design

Term
Abraham Flexner
Definition
defined what a profession is
Term
Profession
Definition

- involves complex store of knowledge

- intellectural enterprise

- applies theoretical knowledge to problem sovle

- strives to add to stock of knowledge

- passes knowledge to novices

- organizes in peer reviews

Term
title act
Definition
what you are allowed to call yourself
Term
practice acts
Definition
what you are allowed to do
Term
required to earn license in most states
Definition

- prof degree from accredited school

- intern hours (practical experience)

- series of exams (AREs)

- assuring good character

Term
service
Definition
- intergrity, usefulness, reliability
Term
three primary parties
Definition
owners, design-professionals, constructors
Term
owner-user
Definition
private client who build for themself
Term
dveloper
Definition
private client who builds for someone else
Term
Brook's Bill
Definition

- named for Jack Brook's from Texas

- passed by congress in 1970

- mandates architectures be selected for design quality and then fair price is assigned 

(as opposed to granting job to arch with lowest bid)

Term
i.m pei
Definition
said "get the client not the project"
Term
two main functions of architects
Definition
creators and construction administrators
Term
joint venture
Definition
firms partnerting for project
Term
architectural trade specializations
Definition
curtain wall, vertical transporation, roofing consultation
Term
consultants providing assistance with complexities of regulation
Definition
building department, regulatory agency, expediting consultants, zoning or land-use attornies
Term
contractor
Definition
primary party in constructing
Term
design-bid-build
Definition
traditional format of building
Term
bidding
Definition
negotiating money/job transaction
Term
subbing out
Definition
subcontracting
Term
tinknockers
Definition
ductworkers
Term
mortgage 
Definition
loan with property as collateral
Term
construction loan
Definition
loan that is paid out during construction process
Term
permanent loan
Definition
loan that is paid when construction is completed (mortgage)
Term
appraiser
Definition
judges value of a property
Term
foreclosure
Definition
bank takes over ownership of property
Term
owner's equity
Definition
lender requires owner to put up some eprsonal funds
Term
loan-to-value ratio
Definition
should be that property value is greater than loan; otherwise, "underwater"
Term
commitment letter
Definition
issued by bank for permanent loan, promising upon agreed upon amount when project is complete
Term
mortgage broker
Definition
hired by owners to help find funding on most favorable terms and of best rates
Term
bundle
Definition
aggreaation of banks and groups of mortagages
Term
owner's reps
Definition
hired when owner does not have in-house expertise to administer a large construction project
Term
independent testing organization
Definition
Underwriter's Laboratory or US Bureua of Standards... testing of materials before they come into marketplace
Term
h.h. richardson
Definition
"get the project get the project get the project"
Term
how to get project
Definition

- know yourself

- learn about marketplace

- market your services (editorial coverage and paid advertising)

Term
'Open bid"
Definition
RFPs
Term
SF 330
Definition
standardized gov't form used to by architects in response to RFP
Term
underwriting
Definition
process by insurance carrier to determine cost of carrying risk
Term
BOP
Definition
multi peril business owner's policy
Term
CGL
Definition
commerical general liability insurance
Term
business interruption insurance
Definition
insurance for if business is prevented from continueing
Term
contractor's insurance & project insurance
Definition
often required by owners
Term
professional liability insurance
Definition
covers claims.  Also sometimes known as E&O insurance
Term
claims made basis
Definition
insurance company picks up when claim is made (this is the case for architecture, as oppsosed to occurence based)
Term
prior acts
Definition
claims-made basis covers services you performed the current policy period
Term
hazmats
Definition
hazardous materials
Term
three ways of incurring legal obligations
Definition
contract, statues, common law
Term
standard of care
Definition
architects act in professional manner and how a reasonably prudent archtiect would act under same circumstances
Term
to be successful in lawsuit, four things
Definition
duty, breach, cause, damage
Term
construction claims, two kinds
Definition
design errors, construction errors
Term
indeminfication
Definition
one party agrees to pay for liabilites of another (transfer of liability and acceptance of risk)
Term
antitrust
Definition

it is illegal to 

- fix prices

- boycott competitor

- allocate business

Term
profit and loss statement
Definition

- like a movie

- income and expense statment

- income: fees, reimbursable expenses, rental income, investment income

- expense: salaries, consultant fees, rent, phone, equipment lease, insurance, delivery

Term
direct and indirect expenses
Definition

direct: attributable to specific project

indirectL costs of running office

Term
accrual basis
Definition
- income or expense considered as obligation occurs
Term
cash basis
Definition
income or expense considered when actual transaction occurs
Term
assets and liability statment
Definition

-snap shot, determines net worth

assets: cash in bank, accounts receiable, equipment, real estate

liabilities: AP, loans, taxed

Term
Gantt
Definition
bar chat with schedule
Term
cost plus ( a fee)
Definition
when construction begins before drawings are done, contractor adds OH to architect to be reimbursed
Term
guarenteed maximum price
Definition
architect has contractor do work to max price on cost-plus basis
Term
valued to start a practice
Definition
expertise, experience, execution
Term
sole proprietorship
Definition
one owner
Term
partnership
Definition
two or more parties own
Term
professional corporation
Definition
company owned by its stockholders
Term
limited liability partnership/ corporation
Definition
shield owners from liabilites of business nature but not from professional wrongdoing
Term
departmental method
Definition
horizontal project organization... design, production, field
Term
project method
Definition
vertical project organization... beginning to end
Term
matrix method
Definition
-combines departmental and project methods of organization
Term
sole prime general contract
Definition
owner retains one contractor to do all work
Term
multiple prime contracts
Definition
owner has direct contracts with several different contractors
Term
variables of project
Definition
scope of work, schedule, money, risk
Term
construction management
Definition
alternative to design-bid-build; owner hires CM; CM bids to contractors (but pure CM does not sign agreements with subs; does not actually hold contracts)
Term
agent for the owner
Definition
when CM is not pure and signs contracts with subs; takes on a degree of risk
Term
fast-track job
Definition
greater fee because of additional complexities
Term
design-build
Definition
essentially reduce three parties to two (owner diesng and buids)
Term
bridge design-build
Definition
variation on design build.  owner hires design architect for schematic but does evertyhing else
Term
owner-builder
Definition
owner (usually developer) is also constructor; often hire architects but supervise all construction and act as GC but hire subs
Term
owner-designer
Definition

rarest method

- most famous John Portman

Term
AIA B141
Definition
agreement between owner and architect
Term
architect's general services
Definition

- administer project

- consult regularly with owner

- research issues

- consider alternatives in design, material, systems and equipment

Term
changes in services
Definition
above standard services for architect, requires additional fees
Term
design phasses of architecture services
Definition

- schematic design

- design development

- construction documents

Term
additional services
Definition
- energy audits, sustainability considerations, security designm indoor air quality concerns
Term
schematic design phase
Definition

- prepare outline specification (scope of work)

- review project schedule

- prepare statement of probable cost (

Term
statement of probable cost
Definition

- part of schematic design pase:

estimate based on unit cost (per sq ft) add percent for escalation, design contingency, construction contingency

Term
design development stage
Definition

revision of schematic in more detail;

get client to sign drawings and schedules

Term
construction documents
Definition
produce working drawings and prject manual
Term
drawing order
Definition

ASMEPS

 

architectural structural mechanical electrical plumbing sprinkler

 

plan elevation section detail (most general to most specific)

Term
front end
Definition

first part of project manual includes all business parts of agreement and contracts

 invitation to bid letter, instructions to bidders (AIA A-701), bid form, form of contract, general conditions (AIA A-201), supplementary conditions (riders), unit prices, alternates, allowances, phasing requirements, general notes

Term
AIA A-701
Definition
Instructions to Bidders
Term
AIA A-201
Definition
General Conditions of the Contract
Term
Technical Sections
Definition

- back end of project manual

- follow order of CSI

 

Term
two ways to specify work in project manual
Definition
prescriptive and performance
Term
technical section of project manual includesscope, related work, reference standards, submittals, warranties and guarentees, products, labor, execution
Definition
Term
shop drawings
Definition
detail drawings prepared by subs for all custom-made portions of the job, such as cabinet work adn duct work
Term
submittals
Definition
part of technical section of project manual.  can include shop drawings, samples, schedules, cuts
Term
AIA A-201
Definition

General Conditions 

- come with one year warranty from contractor

Term
open-bidding
Definition
advertising bidding process publicly (for instance, in gov't jobs)
Term
closed-bidding
Definition
list of qualified appropriate bidders put togeher
Term
5 phases of arch
Definition

schematic design

design dvlpt

construction documents

bidding and negotiations

contract adminsitration

Term
bidding and negotation
Definition
after CD phase; put out bids to contractors and subs
Term
bid period
Definition

time between sending bidding documents and when bids are due

- architect aranges site visits fo contractors

Term
bid addenda
Definition
- architect periodically prepares aswers to questions sent during bid period
Term
bid summary
Definition
once bids are opened, prepared by architect to help level bids for owners... compare on spreadsheet
Term
bid bond
Definition
submitted by contractor with bid, obtained from insurance company; if contractor dosn't get bid insurance company pays difference between bid and next lowest bid
Term
bid security
Definition
contractor submits certified cheque with bid; if contractor fails to enter in agreement, owner gets security
Term
contract administration
Definition

last of five phases; 20% of arch's fee, but usually longest

- must not show favoritism as oversses contract between owners and contractors

Term
contract documents
Definition
- at signing of owner/ contractor agreemen, each get three complete sets of these (working drawings, project manual, bid addenda, contract itself, ammendments or riders)
Term
final completion
Definition
when all contractor's obligations to owner are met
Term
substantial completion
Definition
occupancy allowed but punchlist not quite complete
Term
site observations
Definition
made by architect periodically to see contract work go done.  
Term
"clerk of the works"
Definition
- full time on site representative from architects office
Term
inspections
Definition
made by architect usually at time of substantial completion or final
Term
supervision
Definition
architects cannot satisfy state requirements for this.
Term
construction means and methods
Definition
constructor's repsonsibilites; can do however they would like
Term
communication protocol
Definition
must be clearly stated in O/A agreement and O/C agreement so all parties have mutually agreed to standards
Term
processing submittals
Definition
important function of architect during construction
Term
submittal log
Definition
shows submittals required, when sent, what action taken, etc.
Term
RFI
Definition
questions during construction sent by contractors, sent in writing and architect should answer in writing
Term
NPC
Definition
if RFI needs change, architect prepares this and gives to contractor
Term
PCO
Definition
contractor determines if NPC means difference in cost, presents to architect
Term
req
Definition
requisition for payment, prepared periodically by contractor... requisitiuoin certificate and continuation sheet... saying how CO changed sum
Term
retainage
Definition
fixed per cent of amunt due
Term

AIA G701 

AIA G702 Continuation Sheet

Definition
values totalled by contractor, for requisition for payments
Term
punchlist
Definition
all items of uncompleted or incorrectly done work
Term
close-out documents
Definition
guarentees, warranties, final waivers of liens
Term
traditional fee arragnments (3)
Definition

percentage of construction

fixed fee

time charges

Term
limited fee
Definition
architects charge for limited services (for fairness, unlike buffet0
Term
standard services
Definition
schematic design, design development, construction documents, bidding and negotiation, contract management
Term
changes in scope of services
Definition
services architect is qualified but not expected to perform
Term
construction cost
Definition
full amount paid to contractor, including changes and extras, but not architect and engineers fees, cost of land, any loans
Term
overall project cost
Definition
cost for contractor, architects, engineers, land, loans
Term
fixed-fee basis
Definition

set fee for defined amount of service 

highly predictable but low level of flexibility

Term
time charge
Definition

architect charges client on hourly basis

direct personal expense + OH + profit

Term
multiple method
Definition

form of charing fee for experienced architects, 

 

 

mandatory plus customary benefits

Term
prior notification
Definition
required for contract provisions
Term
reimbursable expenses
Definition

out of pocket expenses that architect pays to others for items relating to performing professional services

 

not included in fees

Term
important parameters of project listed at beginning
Definition
parties, project description, budget, schedule, consultants
Term
instruments of service
Definition

sketches, drawings, project manural, work products done by architect

 

owner pays and gets right to use all these documents but not to own them

Term
nonbinding mediation
Definition

both parties meet with mediator set up by AAA, build compromise

 

nonbinding: if both sides don't agree, can be appealed

Term
binding arbitration
Definition
cannot be appealed
Term
joinder 
Definition
one party (suaully owner) cannot sue other two parties together
Term
consequential damages 
Definition
indirect losses resulting from wrongdoing by one party
Term
initial minimum payment
Definition
accompanies signing of O/A agreement; allows architect to work at beginning on owner's capital; serves as protection
Term
AIA A101 
Definition

Owner/ contractor agreement

stipulated sum sole prime general contract 

work is clearly defined and done for fixed, adeed-upon sum

Term
AIA B141
Definition

Owner/ Architect agreement

 

 

 

Term
AIA A201
Definition

General Conditions 

stipulated sum sole prime general contract 

work is clearly defined and done for fixed, adeed-upon sum

Term
AIA A101
Definition
- names, addresses of parties, description of project, speial terms, list of documents, 
Term
remedies
Definition
in general coniditons (A201) what should be done if someone doesn't do as they were supposed to
Term
revised responsibility
Definition

when a contractor is expected to do something that is not normall expected

(ahem...)

Term
contractor provides
Definition
labor, materials, supervisions by competant superintendant, managment, direction to complete all work including mean and methods
Term
seperate forces
Definition
prior notice needed if before execution of agreement between O and C, it is expected some work will need to be done outside terms of agreement (or diff't people)
Term
developed field conditions or unforeseen field conditions
Definition

- provide CSKs

- PCO

- CO

CCD - construction change directive, gets signed off on by arch and owner

Term
contract time
Definition
period in which contractor must finish work
Term
liquidated damages
Definition
if contractor fails to meet contract time period, must pay predetermined amount (or have deducted)
Term
bonus-and-penalty
Definition
as ooposed to contract time/ liquidated damages model, award or penalization of set amount per day for before or after final date
Term
force majeure
Definition
acts of god, or anything outside control which extends contract period
Term
schedule of values
Definition
breakdown of contract sum; bid breakdown, agreed upon at start
Term
retainage
Definition
10 percent of each item held by owner until completion of project
Term
certificate of final completeion
Definition
issued by architect at end of project
Term
close-out reconciliation
Definition
architect produces this between owner and contractor by adjusting final sum for continguencies
Term
workers compensation
Definition
covers workers hurt on job
Term
sureties
Definition
bonds purchased from insurance companies can cover some risks to owners
Term
lien
Definition
claim field to owner by contractor/subs if something happens to project that disallows end (ie. bankruptcy)
Term
micellaneous provisions
Definition
variety of issues that do not deserve their own section in general conditions
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