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Printing Graphics Definitions
Design Process, vocab, and other
208
Art/Design
10th Grade
06/02/2008

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Term
Formal Balance
Definition
a design principle that is achieved when the elements of a design are of equal weight and are positioned symmetrically
Term
principles of design
Definition
balance, contrast, unity, rhythm, and proportion
Term
specification sheet (spec)
Definition
specifications provide the information relating to type style, type size, line or column wideth, color use, page organization, and other cacts pertaining to a printed product. SPECS ARE THE OVERALL GUIDELINES USED IN A LAYOUT. THE SPEC SHEET IS CREATED before BEGINNING A JOB.
Term
copyfitting
Definition
the process of fitting together copy and illustrations in a specific amount of space
Term
printing measurements
Definition
12 points=1 pica, 6 picas = 1 inch (almost)
Term
pixel
Definition
(picture element) the tiniest image component in digital imaging or display system. tinay dots arranged in rows and columns
Term
informal balance
Definition
a design principle that is acheived by changing the value, size, or location of elements in a design
Term
thumbnail sketches
Definition
simple, rapidly drawn designs for a layout
Term
rough layout
Definition
redrawn version of a thumb nail sketch, one specific thumbnail has been selected, refinement is necessary. "dummy"
Term
comprehensive layout (comp)
Definition
shows how the printed piece will look when finished. The layout artist is making a close version of the finished product; exact detail is essential
Term
Densitometer
Definition
device used to measure the density or darkness of an image
Term
3 basic shapes in design
Definition
circle square triangle
Term
line gauge
Definition
an instrument used to measure type sizes and line lengths in picas or inches
Term
resolution
Definition
describes the visual quality of an image and is a measure of elements that define the image. (MEASURED IN DOTS PER INCH (DPI)
Term
Flexography
Definition
a relief printing process that uses flexible (usually plastic) printing plates. Flexography is MOSTLY USED IN PACKAGING and is growing in use by printing newspaper and other long run jobs
Term
Anilox Roll
Definition
(flexography) applies ink evenly and consistantly to the relief area of the plate
Term
doctor blade
Definition
(gravure) removes excess ink from the raised, non-image area of the cylinder.
Term
viscosity (gravure)
Definition
(gravure) measured by the time it takes for the volume of cup to be emptied
Term
zahn cup
Definition
(gravure) a gravitational flow device used to measure the viscosity of ink
Term
gravure (intaglio)
Definition
a method of printing from cells or depressions that are engraved below the non-image area of the printing cylinder. Known for its simplicity. DIRECT PRINTING PROCESS. Can run at higher speed and produce very long jobs
Term
Gravure Key Words
Definition
intaglio, stylus, rotogravure.
Term
Karl Klietsch
Definition
inventor of modern gravure printing
Term
Ink Drying methods
Definition
absorption, oxidation, evaporation, solidification, polymerization, gelation, precipitation
Term
ink tack
Definition
refers to the stickiness of the ink
Term
ink body
Definition
refers to the elasticity of an ink and its ability to form a strand
Term
toner
Definition
strong, concentrated ink colorant. pure pigment ground and mixed into linseed oil
Term
slow drying additive
Definition
can be used to lengthen ink drying time
Term
spray powder
Definition
can be placed on ink after printing to prevent setoff
Term
set off
Definition
a condition that results when wet ink on the press sheets transfer to the back of other sheets in the stack
Term
Viscosity (ink)
Definition
(ink) a measure of the thickness or fluidity of an ink. a basic method for comparing viscosity is to place inks in small wells hollowed out of a flat surface. Tilt surface upward so the inks flow out of the wells. THE INK WITH THE MOST (FASTEST) FLOW HAS THE LOWEST VISCOSITY; THE INK WITH THE LEAST (SLOWEST) FLOW HAS THE HIGHEST VISCOSITY.
Term
screen printing
Definition
process of forcing ink through porous fabric and the open areas of a stencil to produce an image
Term
types of fabric for silk printing
Definition
silk, polyester, nylon, metal mesh
Term
Screen printing key words
Definition
surometer, filament (threads), mesh count, substrate, tensiometer, tensioning
Term
mesh count
Definition
the number of threads per linear inch
Term
tensioning
Definition
stretching the fabric
Term
imposition
Definition
the layout of various sizes and shapes of copy on a page in preparation for the photographic process. LAYOUT IS DONE ON A FLAT, a large support sheet that consists of assembled images. The flat is used to make the printing plate.
Term
Stripping
Definition
The physical assembly of those images on the flat.
Term
Stripper
Definition
the person doing the image assembly
Term
flat (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition) a large support sheet in which images have been attached for exposure on the printing plate
Term
registration (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition) the proper alignment of images on the press sheet or printing plate
Term
sheetwise imposition (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition) a printing layout that uses separate flats and plates to print the front and back of a single press sheet. Different apges appear on each side of the sheet
Term
step and repeat (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition) to expose the same image on a plate a number of times
Term
work and tumble (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition)a printing method where one flat is prepared, but the sheet is tumbled, (or flopped) so the gripper edge changes when the second side is printed
Term
work and turn (stripping and imposition)
Definition
(stripping and imposition) a printing method in which one plate surface is used for printing both sides of a sheet without changing the gripper edge
Term
Contact printing is used for:
Definition
used for making negatives from positives, making positives from negatives, changing contrast and tonal values, making proofs and plates, producing spreads and chokes, making screen tints, making step-and-repeat images, creating masks, using duplicating films
Term
contact printing
Definition
the process that produces a photographic print by exposing a light-sensitive material (film, photographic paper, or plates) held against a negative or positive in a contact printing frame. The positive or negative is actually in physical contact with the film or photo paper during the exposure. The result is a contact print, which is the same size negative or positive reproduction
Term
choke
Definition
a print made in a contact printing frame that makes the original image slightly smaller. The light source angles inward to expose less image area. Also referred to as a "skinny"
Term
contact printing frame
Definition
a device used for contact printing that utilizes a vacuum or spring action to hold the image and light-sensitive materials together.
Term
spreads
Definition
a print made in a contact printing frame that makes the original image slightly larger. The light sources spreads out to expose more of the light sensitive material
Term
vacuum frame
Definition
a glass frame used to hold the film and plate in tight contact for exposure on a platemaker.
Term
lithographic platemaking
Definition
a plate exposed once the film has been registered over the plate and a close contact has been made. The light source shines through the image on film and exposes the light sensitive surface of the plate
Term
process of lithographic platemaking
Definition
most of the lithographic plates in use today are still based on the principle that grease and water do not readily mix. The image and nonimage areas of a plate are kept separate chemically. The separation is necessary because the image and nonimage are esentially on the same plane. Lithographic plates have three parts: the base or plate grain, the plate covering, and the plate coating
Term
automatic plate processor (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) authomatically prepares plates for the press
Term
computer to plate (CTP) (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) technology that uses imaging systems that take fully-paginated digital materials and expose this information to plates in platesetters or image setters without creating film
Term
electrostatic plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) light-sensitive plates that are imaged by a charge of electrostatic energy
Term
laser plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) carriers that are imaged digitally by a laser platemaking system
Term
plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) image carrier used for printing mulitiple copies on a press
Term
soft image (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) a loss of image that occurs when the outside edges of an image contain less density or tone quality than the inside portion of the image
Term
surface plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) presensitized plates coated with light-sensitive material
Term
thermal plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) image carriers that can be exposed optically or digitally through the use of heat
Term
waterless plate (lithographic platemaking)
Definition
(lithographic platemaking) presensitized plates that use an ink-repellant substance other than water to separate the nonimage area from the image area
Term
offset lithography
Definition
a printing method in which inked images are offset, or transferred from one surface to another. Known as indirect printing. BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE THAT INK, AND WATER DO NOT MIX. Ink adheres to the image area only.
Term
dampening system
Definition
(offset lithography) group of rollers designed to apply moisture to the nonimage area of the plate
Term
inking rollers
Definition
(offset lithography) contains a thin film of ink to the image area of the plate
Term
plate cylinder
Definition
(offset lithography) holds the printing plate on the press (right reading)
Term
blanket cylinder
Definition
(offset lithography) holds the image receptive blanket on the press (wrong reading)
Term
impression cylinder
Definition
(offset lithography) brings the paper into contact with the blanket cylinder (right reading)
Term
delivery system
Definition
(offset lithography) removes the paper from the printing system (*chain delivery system)
Term
double sheet detector
Definition
(offset lithography) detects paper thickness
Term
feeding system
Definition
(offset lithography) transfers individual sheets of paper to the press and places them for registration
Term
fountain solution
Definition
(offset lithography) combo of water, acid and gum that is applied to nonimage area of plate used to repel ink
Term
jogger
Definition
(offset lithography) to align a stack of paper so that all edges are even
Term
plate
Definition
(offset lithography) image carrier
Term
blinding
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) condition in which the image area of the plate will not accept ink
Term
chain delivery system
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting)
Term
ghosting
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) condition that occurs when a solid image prints unevenly or a faint, second image appears next to the original
Term
hickeys
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) printing imperfections that appear as dried ink spots surrounded by a white background
Term
ink keys
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) adjustable devices used to control the flow of ink from the ink fountain to the printing plate
Term
misting
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) condition that occurs when a fine spray of ink is produced by the movement of the ink rollers on a press
Term
mottling
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) uneven amounts of ink in the solid portion of the image, causing printed sheet to appear cloudy
Term
picking
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) the lifting of paper fibers caused by the tackiness of ink during the printing process
Term
piling
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) a build up of ink on the ink rollers, plate or blanket
Term
scumming
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) a build up of ink film on nonimage areas of a plate
Term
setoff
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) the transfer of ink from one sheet to the back of another on a delivery pile
Term
slurring
Definition
(lithographic press-operation and troubleshooting) an unwanted accumulation of halftone dots that result in a smeared image, commonly caused by slippage or improper contact between the cylinders at the time of impressions.
Term
finishing
Definition
the general term that applies to the many operations carried out after printing is completed. (cutting, folding, slitting, perforating, creasing and scoring, die cutting, embossing, stamping, numbering, drilling and punching, varnishing, and laminating.)
Term
binding
Definition
the process of fastening together the sheets of a product with methods including (gluing, sewing, stapling, or other mechanical means)
Term
blind embossing
Definition
(binding and finishing) paper itself creates the image, no ink is used
Term
die cutting
Definition
(binding and finishing) pressure is used to force a sharp metal die through the paper. It is used to make irregular shapes
Term
case binding
Definition
(binding and finishing) hard cover is attached to the body of the book which is held together by sewing. Most permanent.
Term
mechanical binding
Definition
(binding and finishing) many different devices used to hold sheets together (ex. loose-leaf binding)
Term
perfect binding
Definition
(binding and finishing) adhesive used to hold sheets together (soft cover)
Term
spiral binding
Definition
(binding and finishing) small round holes are punched through the pages and metal or plastic wire is spiral fed through them
Term
stamping
Definition
(binding and finishing) transferring a thin layer of mettalic tone or color to paper, using heat and pressure (foil stamping)
Term
Job ticket
Definition
to keep track of the printing jobs as they move through the plant and to convey important information to all departments, some type of job ticket is used. Designed to meet to needs of a specific company or area in a company
Term
invoice to
Definition
record customer, quotation, billing, other important business information.
Term
job specs
Definition
short summary of the job particulars are recorded here
Term
type/art
Definition
has check boxes to indicate various actions
Term
prep
Definition
things to be done to get ready for press, camera-ready copy, film, negatives or positives
Term
proofs
Definition
types of proofs requested are identified
Term
paper
Definition
sales personnel fill this part out, quantity and size information of paper plus cutting requirements
Term
sheet-fed press
Definition
number of forms, press to be used and ink colors
Term
bindery
Definition
indicate all finishing operations to be done
Term
packaging/ship to
Definition
how would the customer like the finished product to be packed and shipped/delivered
Term
art and samples
Definition
would the customer like the printer to keep art or projects on file for future reference?
Term
vendors
Definition
if outside contractor is needed it is listed in this section
Term
mailing
Definition
if envelopes are being printed the address to be printed will be posted here
Term
parliamentary procedure
Definition
a set of rules for conduct at meetings, which keeps assemblies orderly, and guarantees that all people have equal opportunity to express themselves
Term
item of business
Definition
a single matter to be discussed, or acted on, by an organization
Term
assembly
Definition
group of persons gathered for any purpose
Term
debate
Definition
a discussion of opposing ideas that relate to a motion being considered
Term
minutes
Definition
the official written record of what was said and done in a meeting
Term
ad hoc
Definition
a special committee formed to consider a single matter
Term
standing
Definition
a regular committee which usually serves for one year period, to plan and carry out activities that fall within a certain subject area
Term
unfinished business
Definition
any business previously discussed and held over from a previous meeting
Term
majority vote
Definition
more than half the votes cast
Term
two-thirds vote
Definition
two-thirds or more of the legal votes cast
Term
second
Definition
an indication by a member that he or she wants to consider the motion just proposed by another member
Term
pending motion
Definition
is the immediate motion before the assembly
Term
meeting
Definition
an official gathering of the members in order to transact business
Term
minority
Definition
less than half
Term
majority
Definition
more than half
Term
quorum
Definition
the number of members needed to be present to legally transact business
Term
aye
Definition
is used in a voice vote to signify approval
Term
main motion
Definition
used to present an item of business for consideration and action by the assembly
Term
amend
Definition
to change the main motion in some way, add to, take away from, or substitute words
Term
postpone
Definition
deferring an action of a motion until a later time
Term
point of order
Definition
to call attention to a mistake in correct parliamentary procedure made during th emeeting
Term
question of privilege
Definition
to ask a question or call attention to the assembly of an important issue during the meeting
Term
division of the assembly
Definition
to revote in a specific counting method, especially after a voice vote is used
Term
refer
Definition
to place a motion in the hands of a committee
Term
previous question
Definition
when you stop a debate immediately, then go directly to a vote
Term
adjourn
Definition
to dismiss a meeting
Term
one rap
Definition
everyone be seated
Term
two raps
Definition
meeting is called to order
Term
three raps
Definition
everyone stand
Term
secret ballot
Definition
writing of your vote on a piece of paper so no one knows how you voted
Term
voice
Definition
speaking either aye or no
Term
show of hands
Definition
raising your hand to be counted
Term
rising
Definition
standing to be counted
Term
general consent
Definition
used in matters generally understood to have no objection
Term
combustible
Definition
materials or liquids that catch fire easily
Term
flash point
Definition
the lowest temperature at which a substance gives off enough vapors to initiate combustion
Term
material safety data sheets (MSDS)
Definition
written or printed material concerning a hazardous chemical. one for each chemical must be on file in the shop, and must be easily accessible to everyone
Term
occupation safety and health administration (OSHA)
Definition
federal agency established to ensure safe and sanitary working conditions for employees
Term
personal protective equipment (PPE)
Definition
clothing or equipment worn for protection from potential bodily injury associated with chemical use or machine operation: examples, safety glasses, aprons, gloves, hearing protection, safety shoes
Term
Hazard
Definition
a potential source of danger
Term
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
Definition
toxic substances that evaporate into the atmosphere, contributing to the development of smog and other health concerns. They can be found in blanket cleaners, ink cleaner, and other petrochemicals.
Term
Shop Safety Rules
Definition
do not use any equipment until you understand how to use it, and then only after receiving permission. Never walk away from equipment that is in operation. Be sure that all safety guards are in place and keep hands away from moving parts. Only one operater per machine. Remove loose clothing and jewelry and tie back long hair before operating a machine. Wear all required personal protective equipment. Wash hands after they have come in contact with chemicals. Do not engage in horseplay or practical joking in the shop. Work only in well ventilated areas to prevent the build up of toxic fumes in the shop. Smoking is prohibited in the shop at all times. Dispose of all chemical wet rags in a fire proof container, (a metal container with a self-closing lid). Clean up your work area.
Term
Type A class of fire
Definition
combustible materials, (paper, wood, etc)
Term
Type B class fire
Definition
chemicals and flammable liquids
Term
Type C class of fire
Definition
electrical
Term
ABC extinguisher
Definition
Term
Base of fire
Definition
Term
purpose of MSDS
Definition
Term
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act-Things OSHA expects of an employer
Definition
Term
Aliasing
Definition
Term
Ascender
Definition
Term
Barrier Guards
Definition
Term
Bezier Curve
Definition
Term
Bleed
Definition
Term
Blinding
Definition
Term
Calendering
Definition
Term
Calibrate
Definition
Term
Colors used in Printing (CMYK)
Definition
Term
Color Separation
Definition
Term
Complementary Colors
Definition
Term
composing stick
Definition
Term
continuous tone
Definition
Term
E-gauge
Definition
Term
Em Quad
Definition
Term
En Quad
Definition
Term
f-stop
Definition
Term
four-color process printing
Definition
Term
gathering
Definition
Term
gripper edge
Definition
Term
kerning
Definition
Term
knockout
Definition
Term
layout base sheet
Definition
Term
leading
Definition
Term
masking sheet
Definition
Term
nip point
Definition
Term
pi characters
Definition
Term
picking
Definition
Term
pinholes
Definition
Term
pixelize
Definition
Term
posterization
Definition
Term
preflighting
Definition
Term
RAM
Definition
Term
Rasterize
Definition
Term
Ream
Definition
Term
RGB
Definition
Term
Shear Stick
Definition
Term
Sheet-wise Imposition
Definition
Term
Strike Through
Definition
Term
Sucker Feet
Definition
Term
trapping
Definition
Term
two-cylinder system
Definition
Term
vector
Definition
Term
wash-up solvents
Definition
Term
watermark
Definition
a translucent design impressed in paper
Term
web-fed press
Definition
a lithographic press that prints with one long, continuous web of paper that is fed from a roll.
Term
white space
Definition
the areas of the layout that are void of printed images
Term
widow
Definition
a very short word, or part of a word, forming the final line of a paragraph
Term
wordspacing
Definition
changing the spacing between type set words, for better appearance or to fit copy in a given space
Term
work-and-tumble
Definition
a printing method in which one flat is prepared, but the sheet is tumbled (flopped) so the gripper edge changes when the second side is printed. Only one plate and press makeready are needed.
Term
work-and-turn
Definition
A printing method in which one plate surface is used for printing both sides of a sheet without changing the gripper edge
Term
What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG)
Definition
The display method used by word processing and page layout programs, in which the monitor display closely matches the printed output.
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