| Plasticity |
| Change their behavior to fit their environment |
| Shared traits |
| Shared biology, common ancestor |
| Comparative Method |
| Comparing many primate species to understand primate evolution. How natural selection shaped primate biology and behavior. Allows you to better understand how each of the primates interact with their world |
| Conceptual model |
| Using traits and patterns seen in nonhuman primates and even non- primates to understand human biology and evolution e.g. body size, life history |
| Referential models |
| Using patterns seen in specific nonhuman primates to understand human behavior, biology and evolution. Human behavior in the past form chimps |
| Primitive/retained trait |
| A trait that has not changer from an ancestral state- rhinarium on Strepsirrhini |
| Derived/modified trait |
| A trait that has changed from an ancestral state. Allows you to develop a phylogeny |
| Phylogeny |
| An evolutionary lineage of a group of related organism. |
| Galen |
| 131-201 a.d. Greek anatomy. Did dissections on primates and drew them. Used for 1500 years as a reference |
| Edward Tyson |
| 1650-1708. "Anatomy of a Pygmie Compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape and a Man |
| Robert Yerkes |
| 1920s. "The Father of Modern Primatology." Psychologist interested in primate behavior. Lived w/ Bonobos and Chimps |
| Clarence Carpenter |
| First fieldwork with primates in the wild |
| Kinji Imanshi |
| 1950s. Japanese Macaques. First long term work with primates. Culture, different groups |
| Leakey's Angels |
| 1960s. Primate Models. Jane Goodall (Chimps), Dian Fossey (Gorillas), Birute Galdikas (Orangutans) |
| Washburn and Devore, Kummer |
| 50s-60s. Baboon work. Human evolution (we evolved in the same environment as baboons) |
| Mohenjo-Daro |
| 3000 yo statues of primates |
| Thoth |
| Egyptian monkey god of scribes and scholars. |
| Cartesian Principle |
| Renee Descartes. Only humans have souls, without a soul you cannot have pain. Animals don't have a pineal gland |
| Primatology |
| Behavior, ecology, life history, theory |
| # of primates |
| 330 |
| Biological Species |
| Animals that can interbreed and produce a viable offspring |
| Recognition species |
| They can interbreed and recognized each other as mates- They want to breed |
| Phylogenetic species |
| Specific characters that define an organism. Used in paleontology |
| Ecological species |
| Niche, adaptations for different ones |
| Evolutionary species |
| What was the evolutionary path they took to get there |
| Cohesion species |
| Holistic, using everything we can to define a species |
| Classification |
| A system of ordering organisms in a coherent manner. Linnaeus system |
| Taxonomy |
| The rationale or methodology used to organize organisms. Science of classification |
| Linnaen classification |
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Kingdom-Phylum-Class-Order-Family-Genus-Species King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup |
| Cladistics |
| A means of classification, examines the presence or absence of specific traits, especially shared derived characteristics |
| Evolutionary Systematics/Gradistics |
| Little emphasis on assessing degrees of similarities or evolutionary trends. Only assess relatedness based on traits. |
| Mammalian traits |
| 1. Diphyonty (2 sets) and heterodonty (varied dentition) teeth 2. Jaws that cannot dislodge 3. Secondary palate (can create a vacuum to breathe and eat) 4. Advanced nervous system 5. Integument system- hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands (injects grease into hair) 6. Mammary glands 7. Prehensile lips 8. Placenta 9. "Novel" bones 10. Determinant growth- stop growing 11. Slow life history 12. Pilo erect muscles- make hair stand |
| Primate traits |
| 1. Forward facing eyes (3d and binocular) 2. Similar scull morphology 3. Large brain w/ big frontal lobe and neocortex 4. Nails not claws, padded fingers, pentadactyl, opposable hallux 5. Slow life history |
| Primate cranial traits |
| 1. Reduces rostrum (short nose) 2. Ethmoid exposed in eye orbit 3. Petrosal auditory bull (protects inner ear) 4.Postorbial bar or closure |
| Primate suborders |
| 1. Strepsirrhini 2. Haplorhini |
| Strepsirrhini |
| Aka Prosimian. Primate suborder. Lemurs (lemuroidea), lorises (lorisoidea) and galagos. 1. Moist rhinarium, scent marking, large olfactory bulb 2. Grooming claw 3. Tooth comb 4. Discrete reproductive periods (estrus) 5. Lack of post-orbital closure 6. Reflective tapetum (nocturnality) |
| Lemuroidea |
| Superfamily (idea). In suborder strepsirrhini. 1. Cheirogalediae 2. Daubentoniidae 3. Indriidae 4. Lemuridae 5. Lepilemuridae. Isolated for 55 mil. years. |
| Lorisoidea |
| Superfamily. Family Lorisidae. Sub families galaginae (fast mover), perodictinae (slow mover), lorisinae (slow mover. Nocturnal (very large eyes, reflective tapetum, forage alone), Africa and Asia. |
| Slow moving Lorisoidea |
| Lorises (subfamily-Lorisinae), Potts and Angwantibo (Perodictinane). Small branch/insect feeding niche. Solitary but social. |
| African Potto |
 Strepsirrhini. Family Lorisoidea. Subfamily Periodictinae. Range- Band of rainforest through Cent. A. Anti-predator spines. Saliva noxious to predators (lick on offspring)
|
| Asian Loris |
Lorisinae (subfamily), Lorisoidea (Super family), Slow moving. SE Asia, Indonesia, Vietnam. Insectivorous. Quadrupd. Toe points backwards. Urine marking
|
| Galago |
Subfamily Galaginae, superfamily Lorisoidae. Fast mover. Africa. Bushbaby. 5 species. Most common primate. Hunt alone. Larger-quadruped, smalled-vcl. Lock and key system (penis spines)
|
| Lemuroidea traits |
| 1. Wide range of bodies and sizes 2. Nocturnal and Diurnal 3. Little sexual dimorphism 4. Some female dominance 5. One infant at a time 6. Diverse range |
| Lepilemuridae |
Lepilemur (Sportive). 26 Species. VCL. Nocturnal. Folivorous. 
|
| Cheirogaleoidea |
Superfamily Lemuroidea. Mouse and Dwarf Lemurs. Smallest primates. Convergent with galagos. Hibernate using fat in tails during dry season. 
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| Daubentoniidae |
Superfamily Lorisoidea. Aye Aye. Most derived. Eat grubs in branches. Incisors grow throughout life. Long index finger- tap foraging, grabbing grubs. Wood pecker ecological correlate. 1 species. Reflective patches of skin for pred. defense. 
|
| Ecological Correlate |
| Non-related species that develp bio. or behavioral adapt. to similar conditions |
| Convergence |
| Superficial similarities in only distantly related species as a response to adapting to similar ecological niches |
| Indriidae |
| Superfamily Lerumoidea. Sifaka, Indri and Avahi. Large. Highly arboreal. VCL. Folivorous. |
| Indri |
Superfamily lemuroidea. Subfamily Indriidae. Largest of the lemurs. Only in rainforest. Short tail. Monogamous. Long life history (high infant mortality). Very territorial. Loud- heard a mile away.
|
| Propithecus |
Superfamily Lemuroidea. Sifaka. Dry and rainforests. Female dominant. Folivorous. VCL. Multi-male/female. "Dance"
|
| Lemuridae |
| Superfamily Lemuroidea. "True" lemurs. 1. Eulemur 2. Varecia 3. Hapalemur 4. Ring-tailed lemur |
| Eulemur |
|
Subfamily Lemuridae. Genus: Eulemur. Brown/True lemur. 5 species. All over Mada. Arboreal. Frugivore (leaf supplement). Complex social groups. Sexually dichromatic (different colors).
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| Varecia |
Subfamily Lemuridae. Ruffed Lemur. Biggest of True lemurs. Only in tops of rainforest. Quadruped. Regularly have twins. Make nests and leave infants. Diurnal. Most frugivorous lemur. Suspensory behavior. Plant pollinator. 
|
| Hapalemur |
Subfamily Lemuridae. Bamboo Lemur- only bamboo forests. Can eat poisonous bamboo (enough to kill a human). Specialized canine to break open shoot. Smallest diurnal lemur. VCL. Male dominance.
|
| Lemur Catta |
Family Lemuridae. Ring-tailed lemur. Monotypic genus (Only 1 species). Cat Size. Gregarious- very large social groups. More terrestrial than any other lemuridae. Dry, seasonal habitat. Female dominance. Matrilocal (females stay, males migrate). Multi-male/female.
|
| Haplorhini |
| "Anthropoids." Tarsifformes. Platyrrhini (New World). Catarrhini (Old World, Apes). Diurnal Niche (besides tarsiers and Aotus)- only squirrels and primates, large body (eat what birds do not) 1. Large brain 2. Complete Stereoscopic vision 3. Dry nose 4. Complete color 5. Larger body size |
| Tarsiidae |
|
Haplorhini. Tarsier. Split 45 mil yo and very little change. 5 species. Philippines and Indonesia. Small body size. VCL. Nocturnal. Faunivorous (only animal resources). Convergent w/ tree frogs (sticky digits). Ecologically correlate to owl (beak-like incisors, cup ears to hear bilaterally, turn their heads all the way around) 1. Scent communication 2. 2 grooming claws 3. Urine mark 4. 1 infant per year (odd because of size- 30% of mom's weight) 5. Distinct social groups 6. No rhinarium 7. No tapetum (secondarily nocturnal) 8. No tooth comb 9. Slow life history (gestation similar to baboons) 9. Elongated tarsal/calcaneus.
|
| Platyrrhini |
| New World Monkeys. Divered 30mil yo. Central and S. America. Got there by rafting on mats. Completely arboreal. 1. 2:1:3:3 2. Zygomatica and parietal contact 3. Fuzed mandible 4. Some prehensile tails 5. Outward and flat noses vi. All diurnal (except Aotus). Atelidae, Cebidae, Callitrichidae. |
| Cebidae |
| Platyrrhini family. Squirrel monkeys (Samiri), Capuchins (Cebus), Owl monkey (Aotus), Titi monkey (Callicebus) |
| Saimiri |
Squirrel monkey. Platyrrhini. Family Cebidae. Small body size, leaps but not specialized. Largest brain to body weight of any primate. Large social group. Multi-male/female, female dominant. Fruits and insects. 
|
| Capuchin |
Semi-prehensile tail. Quadrupeds, some leaping. Largest brain to body w/ Saimiri. Very facially expressive. Use tools (Extractive/destructive foraging). Social tools (use other individuals for threats). Omnivorous. Multi-male/female, matrilocal. 
|
| Callitrichidae |
Platyrrhini. Marmosets and Tamarins. Variable coloration. Smalles Haplorhini besides tarsier. Insect and gum feeders. Marmosets have procumbent incisors (front teeth stick out). Claw-like nails. Scent marking. Twinning (phylogenetic dwarfs). Communal care-taking. Food sharing (provisioning offspring). Monogomy or polyandry (2 males 1 female).
|
| Atelidae |
| Platyrrhini family. Howler (alouatta), spider monkey, wooly spider monkey (brachyteles), ukari, saki, titi monkey (callicebus) |
| Large bodies atelidae |
| Howlers (alouatta), spider monkey, wooly spider monkey. Suspensory locomotion w/ fully prehensile tail, a patch of skin at the bottom of the tail, area of brain for tail is large. Variable social groups |
| Alouatta |
Howler Monkey. Platyrrhini. Family Atelidae. Largest habitat distribution in NW. Most folivorous platy (low energy). Quadruped. Enlarged hyoid (for howling). Very sexually dimorphic. 
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| Ateles |
Spider Monkey. Platyrrhini. Family Atelidae. Ripe fruit specialists. Fully prehensile tail. Suspensory locomotion. Brachiaction (arm over arm). 4 external fingers. Multi-male and fission-fusion (groups divide into smaller groups or join back together). Pendulous clitoris (male-like).
|
| Brachyteles |
Wooly Spider Monkey (Murqui). Platyrrhini. Family Atelidae. Largest NWM. Thick coat. Facultative Folivory (subsist on leaves during lean times), mostly frugivorous. Brachiation. Prehensile tail. Fluid social organization (fission-fusion). No sexual dimorphism. Sperm competition. Little fighting aggresion. Male philopatric (female migrate). Very endangered. 
|
| Uakari and Saki |
Platyrrhini. Family Atelidae. Hard fruit specialists (seeds, nuts, unripe fruit). Huge incisers and canines. Duckasading enamel (thin, rods cross so teeth can't fracture). Communicate using faces. Quadrupeds and suspensory. Short tails. 
|
| Callicebus |
Titi monkey. Platyrrhini. Family Atelidae. Monogomous groups. Tail twining (reaffirm social bonds). Male care of infants. Slight canine dimorphism. Frugivorous. Diurnal. Small. VCL and quadruped. 
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| Aotus |
Owl monkey. Platyrrhini. Family cebidae. Only nocturnal platyrrhini (secondarily- no tapetum, to avoid competition for fruit). Frugivorous. Spatulate incisors. Very large eyes. Monogomous. Male care of infants. Primarily quadrupedal.
|
| Goeldi Monkey |
Platyrrhini. Family Callitrichidae. Some Cebidae characteristics. 1. Claw-like nails 2. Cebidae dental formula 3. Single infants 4. Does not feed on gum 5. Multi-male/female 6. Genetically more similar to callitrichids. 
|
| Catarrhini |
| Old world monkeys, apes and humans. 1. 2:1:2:3 2. Bony Ear Tube 3. Frontal-sphenoid contact 4. All diurnal. 5. No prehensile tails 6. Downward facing nostrils 7. Tri-chromatic color vision |
| Cercopithecidae |
| Old world monkeys. Subfamilies- Cercopithecinae, Colobinae. 1. Very large habitat range (most widely distributed) 2. Large body size range 3. Less specialized locomotion (all quadrupeds) 4. Arboreal and Terrestrial 5. Face down nostrils 6. Bilophodont molars (ridged cusps) 7. Sexual dimorphism common (esp. terrestrial) 8. Ischial callosities (butt pad). |
| Cercopithecinae |
| Baboons, Macaques. Catarhini. Family Cercopithecidae 1. Cheek pouches 2. Simple guts 3. Hinds and forelimbs equal (less leaping) 4. Narrow inter-orbital region (eyes closer together) 5. Relatively large brains |
| Arboreal Guenons |
Catarhini. Family Cercopithicidae. Subfamily Cercopithicinae. Anatomically similar, basic monkeys. Very different colorations. Live sympatricaly (share physical space, polyspecific association- predator defense/shared knowledge). Eye flashes. Uni-male (bachelor groups). Little dimorphism. Frugivorous. 
|
| Semi-terrestrial Guenons |
| Catarhini. Family Cercopithicidae. Subfamily Cercopithicinae. Vervet and Patas monkey. |
| Vervet Monkey |
Catarhini. Subfamily Cercopithicinae. Semi-terrestrial guenon. 5 or 6 species, very wide spread. Opportunistic forager. More wooded areas. Multi-male/female. Complicated calls (specific for predators, behave accordingly). 
|
| Patas Monkey |
Catarhini. Subfamily Cercopithicinae. Live in open arid habitats, right below Sahara. Gum and insects (mostly ants). Built similar to cheetas (highly dispersed food, area high in predators). 35 mphs. Uni-male. Male lookout (for other males). Sexually dimorphic. 
|
| Macaque |
Catarhini. Subfamily cercopithecinae (most diverse). Wide range of niches (arboreal and terrestrial). Sacred. Very adaptable. SE Asia and some in African and Europe. Natal coats. Multi-male/female large groups (complex). "Pre-cultural" behavior in Japanese (potato washing, rice floating- innovative). Manipulate things (snowballs) 
|
| Terestrial Cercopithicine |
| Catarhini. Live in Africa. Very Sexually dimorphic. Drills, Mandrills, Baboons, Gelada Baboons |
| Drills |
Catarhini. Terrestrial Cercopithicinae. Dense rainforest of W. Africa. Uni-male (sometimes w/ younger males). Africas most endangered animal. Very dimorphic (huge teeth in males). Sexual swelling. 
|
| Mandrills |
Catarhini. Subfamily cercopithicinae. Males 2x females. Uni-male group. Dominant male very colorful (hormone level). Super troupes (1000). Females more arboreal. 
|
| Gelada baboon |
Catarhini. Subfamily cercopithicinae. Mountains of Ethiopia. Large group made up of smaller uni-male groups. Grass seed specialist. Dimorphic (big manes on males). Lip flip threat. Sexual swelling on chest. 
|
| Baboon |
Catarhini. Terrestrial Cercopithicinae. Common- throughout Africa. Savannahs. Really long limbs. Baboon feet convergent w/ humans. Sleep in trees at night. Very big canines (sectoral premolar). Large multi-male/female groups. Complex socially (friend that don't mate, coalitions, matrilinieal). Sexual swelling. Dimorphic. Omnivorous. 
|
| Colobinae |
| Catarhini. Family cercopithicidae. Leaf Monkey. 1. Sacculated "cow like" stomaches (unending supply, killing bacteria can kill them) 2. Long large intestine 3. Molars have high crests and cusps (scissors) 4. Hindlimbs slightly longer than forelimbs (arboreal) 5. Eyes farther apart 6. Allo-mothering (many females take care) 6. Some sexual dimorphism 7. Large (need to be to eat leaves) 8. Multi/uni-male 9. Diurnal 10. Arboreal quadrupedalism |
| African Colobines |
Catarhini. Family cercopithicidae. Subfamily colobinae. All arboreal. Lax about infants. Natal coat. Black and White Colobus- sub-Sahara, small social groups. Red Colobus. 
|
| Red Colobus |
Catarhini. Cercopithicidae. Colobinae. Africa. More frugivorous than others. Large social groups. Many different species. Zanzabar red colobus (deforestation- use food sources that are hard to digest by eating charcoal). Most common food chimps hunt. 
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| Asian Colobines |
 Catarhini. Cercopithicidae. Colobinae. Langurs. Folivorous. Striking coloration. Highly endangered. Proboscis monkey (big noses, swampy areas in Indonesia, potbellies), hanuman langur (India, most adaptable, infanticide), snub-nosed monkey (China, really large groups, eat lichen).
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