Term
|
Definition
| Monomers of nucleic acids, composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a nucleic acid that contains genetic instructions for the biological development of an organism, a nucleic acid made of nucleotide monomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hydrogen bonds between bases holds DNA together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
starts with separation of dna strands
produces 2 identical daughter molecules of dna
happens quickly, very few errors, dna has proofreading enzyme, dna has a repair enzyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the characteristics we see, manifestation of genotype |
|
|
Term
| dna genotype is express through proteins, genes to proteins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a herditary unit of information, specify how to build proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in nucleus
Initation, enlongation, termination
produces genetic messages in the form of rna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| during transcription, it carries the genetic message out of the nucleus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences
ribosome attaches to mrna then trna translates message to a polypeptide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| set of 3 nucleotides that code for an amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in dna base sequence caused by error in dna, or some type of mutagen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anything that is capable of causing genetic change |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substituting, inserting, or deleting nucleotides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gene packed into protein, phages aka bacteriophage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When phage DNA enters a lytic cycle inside a bacterium, it is replicated, transcribed, and translated.
The new viral DNA and protein molecules then assemble into new phages, which burst from the host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phage DNA inserts into the host chromosome and is passed on to generations of daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 outcomes of lysogenic cycle |
|
Definition
| may continue to reproduce asymptomatically, may insert and alter function of host cell, may revert to the lytic cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| knowing you are about to have an outbreak but it is not visible yet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| symptomatic and supportive, treat what appears clinically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| every patient treated has to be treated as if they were HIV positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading cause of human viral disesase, 2 main types (a,b) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| viruses are constantly changing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get flu vaccine, take everyday precautions, take flu antiviral drugs |
|
|
Term
| anitviral drugs make disease milder but are not a substitute for vaccines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2nd leading cause of viral disease, has 8 types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. cold sores
2. genital
can affect hands and fingers known as herpes whitlow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
varicella zoster
causes chicken pox in children, causes shingles in adults, associated with nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
epstein barr
mono, associated with chronic fatigue symptom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cytomagalo virus
most prominent congenital viral illness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
human herpes virus 6 and 7
cause rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
human herpes virus 8
Kaposi Sarcoma- seen in aids patients |
|
|
Term
| viruses are named based on 2 proteins found on the surface of the virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people to get h1n1 vaccine |
|
Definition
| pregnant women, caregivers for young children, all health care and emergency workers, anyone from 6months to 24 yrs old, older people already sick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hommorragic fever, makes you bleed out all orfaces, 50-90% mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| injures you, doesnt kill you |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways viruses enter plants |
|
Definition
| contaminated farming tools, insects, trauma |
|
|
Term
| many viruses has rna as their genetic material |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| steal host cell membrane as a protective envelope, can exit cell without bursting cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an envelope virus that swells up parotic gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| family of viruses that have a crown appearance, cause different diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
new or newly studied
RNA mutates faster than DNA
Changing host species
Globalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs regularly in a specific population or area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic in non humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that appears in a given population during a specific period at a rate that substantially unexpected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| affects animals of many different species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic that spreads worldwide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| that ability of any microorganism to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any virus that makes dna on an rna template, includes aids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process in which cells acquire a specialized structure and function, yields a variety of cell types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all cells in the body besides sperm and egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dna packed so tightly that some genes are prevented access to, helps regulate gene expression
tends to block gene expression by preventing access of transcription proteins to the DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common cloning technique
nucleus is removed from egg cell then nucleus from an adult somatic cell is put in its place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reproductive and therapeutic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that have not differentiated |
|
|
Term
| reproductive cloning used for |
|
Definition
| research, agriculture, and medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in embryos, some embryonic fluid, more potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in bone marrow, less potential to differentiate, can become blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produced by a single parent, no sperm or egg, clone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how prokaryotic cells asexually reproduce, common in prokaryotes and protists |
|
|
Term
| dna molecule is only visible during cell division |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chromosomes replicate before cell starts dividing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosome copies, genetically identical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where sister chromatids are joined at |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In mitosis, after the chromosomes coil up, a mitotic spindle moves them to the middle of the cell
The sister chromatids then separate and move to opposite poles of the cell, where two nuclei form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in which the cell divides in 2, overlaps the end of mitosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first phase of mitosis, sister chromatids are formed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| regulates the process of cell cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by centrosome, an array of micotubules and proteins that form between opposite poles of the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spindle extending across cell, nuclear envelope breaks down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes lined up at equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chromosomes lined up at equator |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| cytokenesis differs in plant and animal cells |
|
Definition
in animals- occurs by construction of the cell, results in complete cleavage
in plants- incomplete cleavage, cell plate splits the cell in 2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| growth, replacement of damaged of lost cells, asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
| most cells divide only when stimulated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most cells divide only when attached to a surface |
|
|
Term
| density dependent inhibition |
|
Definition
| when cells have formed a single layer then stop dividing, if some cells are removed they will divide to fill the gap until single layer is formed again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins secreted by cells that stimulate other cells to divide, excess growth factor can cause cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| programmed cell death, unfertilized egg cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized type of endocytosis, dead cells engulfed and digested by adjacent cell (cell eating) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can invade other tissues, progressively get worse, metastasize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tumor has moved to a location other than the original location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do not grow in aggressive manner, do not invade other tissues, do not metastasize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taking a piece of tissue for examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| take a piece of tumor, leave most of it in place |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cancer therapy |
|
Definition
| radiation, chemo, surgery, or combination of all 3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of what causes a disease |
|
|
Term
| 2 major components to what causes diseases |
|
Definition
| genetics and environmental factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normal gene that promotes cell division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused my a mutation of a proto-oncogene,, causes cell to divide excessively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supress tumor growth when active |
|
|
Term
Cancers result from a series of genetic changes in a cell lineage
Accumulations of mutations can lead to cancer
Families may be predisposed to some cancers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that makes a disease of condition more likely to appear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| something that may trigger the predisposing condition of manifest |
|
|
Term
| cancers are named according to the tissues they are found in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer that originates in external of internal body covering |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer that occurs in tissues that support the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancers of blood related tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancers related to lymphicites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| position on a chromosome that a gene occupies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pair of chromosomes, inherited from each parent that have corresponding gene sequences and pair up duing meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells with 2 sets of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells with 1 set of chromosomes (gametes, egg, sperm) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid, preceeded by chromsome duplication, cell divides twice to form 4 daughter cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the separation of homologous chromosmes, begins with synapsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pairing up of homologous chromosomes, then referred to as tetrads |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
There is no chromosome duplication
The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate
The result is a total of four daughter cells
Each of which is haploid |
|
|
