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Definition
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ability to produce pathological change in disease |
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the development of disease |
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all speciesd interact with some species in some way true or false? |
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Definition
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defines all interaction of one species with one another |
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in layperson terms symbiosis is often used to identify |
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Definition
mutualisms, relationship positive for both people |
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Definition
one organism benefits the other is neither harmed nor helped, the organism that benefits is called commensal |
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what is an example of commensalims |
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Definition
skin or surface microbes on plants or animals, the plant or animal releases volitable, soluble, and particulate organic sompounds which are used by commensals |
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both organisms benefit from interaction |
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ruminants are animals that have stomach divided into four compartments and chew a cud Rumen, the first of these compartments, is located in the front of the true stomach, the Rumen essentially a fermentation vessel |
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one organism gains ( parasite) and the other is harmed (host), often difficult to distinguish from predation can be used as a forma of biological control |
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what can be used as a forma of biological control |
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Definition
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defined as organism growing on the body surfaces of healthy individuals the permemntly colonize the host |
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transcient microbiota may be present for |
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Definition
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what protects through competitive exclusion |
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Definition
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how does competitivw microbiota protect and organism |
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Definition
by covering binding sites, so pathogens can not bind, and they compete for nutrients, so nutrients are unavailable for pathogens the also alter conditions ( ph oxygen availability) also produce harmful subastnce |
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Term
an example of normal microbiota that alters conditions of ph and oxygen availability is |
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Definition
acidophilus lowers ph vagina- inhibits cadida albicans |
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Term
an example of normaL microbiota that produce harmful toxins are |
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Definition
E.Coli- which produce bacteriocins ) colicin) inhibits growth of bacteria or the same or closely realted species ( salmonell and shigella) |
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Definition
the addtion of microbes to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value |
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Definition
lactobacillusspp. and bifidobacterium |
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Definition
restores rhe friendly bacteria found in the healthy digestive tract aids in digestion and absorbtion of nutrients promotes proper eleimination of wastes/ helps control diarehea |
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Definition
a " non-digestible" food ingredient that beneficially effects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus imporves the hosts health.` |
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Term
ologosacacharide polymers are examples of prebiotics and are not processed until when |
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Definition
they hit the large intestine |
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Term
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Definition
combination of prebiotics and probioticsin single supplement, products in which the prebiotic compound selectively favors the growth of the probiotic compound |
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Term
thus a product containing oligofructose and probiotic bifidobacteria would fulfill what definition |
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Definition
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Term
benefits of probiotics in poultry |
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Definition
PREEMPT- a patient blend of 29 bacteria isolated from chicken cecum sprayed sprayed on day old chicks , preening moves bacteria in establishing a functional microbial community , and limits colonization of the gut by the process of competitive exclusion |
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Term
what may have an anticancer affect and a pssible modulation of Crohn;s disease |
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Definition
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one benefit of probiotics is that lactic acid bacteria have been shown to alleviate diarhea and prevent colonization of salmonella enterica during antibiotic thereapy? |
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Definition
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Definition
coloinization of the body by pathogens |
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Definition
impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital function |
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Definition
diseas caused by a microorgasnism |
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Definition
a disease that is not transmitted from one organism to another |
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Definition
a disease that is spread from one host to another |
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Definition
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another |
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Definition
a change in the body function the is felt by the patient as a result of disease |
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Definition
a specific group of signs and symptoms that acompany a disease |
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Definition
symptoms develope rapidly, last a short time |
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Definition
disease develops slowly likely to continue or reoccur for long periods |
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Definition
symptoms between acute and chronic |
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Definition
period when agent is inactive, no symptoms, then produces symptoms |
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Term
what are the 3 stages of a disease clssifying the serverity or duration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
occurs occationally in a population ( or in irregular intervals) |
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Term
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Definition
sudden unexpected occurance of disease usually focal or in a limited segment of population |
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Definition
constantly present in a population |
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Definition
aquiring many hosts in a given areas in a short time |
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Definition
increase in disease occurance within a large population over a wide region ( usually worldwide) |
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Definition
fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time |
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Term
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Definition
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time, depends both on incident rate and duration of illness |
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Term
to determine the disease what steps do you take |
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Definition
1. causative agent 2. source and or reservior of disease 3. mechanism of transmission 4. host and enviromental factors that facilitate development of disease within a defined population 5. best control measures |
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Term
inorder to determin what caused the disease what is normally used |
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Definition
koch's posyulates ( or modifications of them) |
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Term
clinical microbiology lab plays an important role in the |
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Definition
isolation and identification of pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
german physician sought the link between bacillus anthracis and the disease anthrax student of henle (formulator for the scientific method) |
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Term
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Definition
1. microbe must be present in every case of the disease, but absent in healthy organisms 2. suspected microbe must be isoloated and grown in the pure culture 3. the same disease must result when the isolated microbe is introduced into the healthy host 4. same microbe must be re-isolated from the newly diseased host |
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Term
how long has Koch's postulates served scientists for |
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Definition
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Term
what probelms have arisen from Kochs postulates? |
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Definition
unculturable taxa- cannot survive outside the host - may require micronutrients/habitat we can not currently reproduce some pathogens like streptococcus pyogenes can cause several disease conditions some pathogens cause disease only in humans example HIV |
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Term
a couple examples pf organism that cannot survive outside their host are |
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Definition
treponema pallidum, mycobacterium leprae rickettsial and viral pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
german physician sought the link between Bacillus anthrasis and the disease anthrax also was a student of Henlle and (formulator of the scientific method) |
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Term
Robert Koch sought the link between what ? |
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Definition
bacillus anthrasis and anthrax |
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Term
Koch's postulates have served scientists for how many years |
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Definition
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Term
how did we eventually solve the problem for using Kochs postulates? |
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Definition
we used alternative methods for culturing and detecting the pathogen for example: legionellosis(example in text) use of guinea pigs and chick embryos |
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Term
modern molecular techniques have allowed us to identify agents via.. so that we can incorporate them in animals and fix the problem of Kochs postulate |
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Definition
PCR,DNA arrays ect. by emphasising genes and virulence factors |
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Term
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Definition
location of which the pathogen is transfered to the host |
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Term
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Definition
site or natural enviromental location in which pathogen is normally found somtimes function as source of pathogen |
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Term
most of the time hosts are the important animate sourcesof the pathogen |
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Definition
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Term
what are known as carriers |
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Definition
the infect the infected host |
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Term
what are the two classes of carriers |
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Definition
1. casual ( acute or transcient)- harbors pathogen a short time 2. chronic- harbors pathogen for long periods of time ( months years life) |
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Term
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Definition
harbors pathogen for long periods of time ( months, years, life) |
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Term
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Definition
acute or transcient harbors pathogens a short time |
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Term
what are the types of carriers |
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Definition
1.active carriers 2.convalescent carrier 3.incubatory carrier 4.healthy carrier |
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Definition
has overt clinical case of disease |
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Definition
has recoverred from disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogens |
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Term
what kind of carrier would I be of merca |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
habors pathogen but is not yet ill |
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Term
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Definition
harbors pathogens but is not ill |
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Term
animal reserviors transmission to humans |
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Definition
can be indirect or direct |
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Term
with animal reseriors numerous diseases are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans by vectors |
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Term
organisms that spread disease from one host to another by what 4 methods |
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Definition
1.water 2.air 3.soil 4.food |
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Term
four main routes that the pathogen is transmitted are? |
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Definition
1.contact 2.airborne 3.vehicle 4.vector-borne |
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Term
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Definition
comming together or touching of source/reservior and host |
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Term
there are three types of contact transmission which are |
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Definition
direct contact- ( person to person); the physical interaction between source/reservior ( infected host) and suseptable host 2. indirect contact- involves an intermediate ( usually inanimate object) 3. droplet spread- large particles (>5mm)that travel < 1 meter |
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Term
with contact transmission droplet spread conditions are if.. |
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Definition
the particles (are greater than 5mm and travel less than meter) |
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Term
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Definition
pathogens suspend in air that are less than 5mm and can travel farther than 1 meter |
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Term
airborne pathogens are called |
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Definition
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Term
can airborne pathogens remain airborne for a long time? ( hours or days) |
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Definition
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Term
what kind of pathogen transmission can travel long distances? |
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Definition
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Term
airborne transmission usually propells from respiratory tract or source organisms by |
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Definition
coughing .. sneezing, or vocalizing, as well as dust particles which are important in transmission |
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Term
vehicle transmissions are |
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Definition
inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission |
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Term
common vehicle transmission is what |
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Definition
single vehicle pathogen spreads to multiple hosts |
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Term
what are four types of vehicles |
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Definition
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Term
what type of transmission are fomites? |
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Definition
vehicle transmission, they are surgical instruments, bedding, eating utensils, |
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Term
note* fomites can be considered what? |
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Definition
indirect contact transmission |
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Term
vector-borne transmission.. 2 types are? |
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Definition
external ( mechanical transmission- passive carriage of pathogen on body or vector no growth of pathogen during transmission OR internal transmission- carried within vector |
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Term
with vectotr internal transmission |
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Definition
pathogen undergoes change within vector |
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Term
with vector internal transmission what is it called when pathogen does not undergo changes within vector? |
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Definition
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Term
there are two main factors of why the host was suseptable to the pathogen |
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Definition
defense mechanism of host and the pathogenicity of pathogen |
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Term
the pathogen left the host in two ways |
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Definition
active escape passive escape |
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Term
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Definition
movement of pathogen to portal of exitq |
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Term
what is a parasitic helminths examples of |
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Definition
active escape of a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
excretion in feces, urine, droplets, saliva, or desquamated |
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Term
what mode of escape is most frequently used |
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Definition
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Term
when controlling epidemics you have to consider 3 things |
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Definition
available resources and time constraints adverse effects of potential control measures human activitites that might influence the spread of infection |
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Term
control measures reflect comprimise |
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Definition
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Term
identify components of the disease cycle that are primarily responsible for particular epidemic...then |
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Definition
find the weakest link and focus control measures there |
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Term
there are three methods for controlling epidemics |
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Definition
1. reduce or eliminate source or resevior of infection 2. break connection between source and suseptable individual( general sansatation measures) 3. reduce number of suspectable individuals ( raise the number of herd immunity) |
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Term
reducing or eliminate source or reservior infection includes 4 things |
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Definition
1. quarantine or isoldation of cases and carriers 2. destruction of animal reservior 3.treatment of sewage to decrease water conaminant 4. therapy that reduces or emilinates infectiviy of cases |
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Term
break connection between source and suseptable individual includes |
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Definition
chlorination of water supplies pasterization of milk supervision and inspection of food and food handlers destruction of insect vectors with pesticides |
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Term
reduce number of suseptable individuals includes what |
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Definition
passive and active immunization |
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Term
active immunization purpose is to |
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Definition
to protect the individual from the pathogen and the population from the epidemic. |
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Term
passive immunization purpose is to |
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Definition
to give temporary immunity following exposure to a pathogen or when a disease threatens to take a epidemic form. |
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Term
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Definition
protection from suseptable humans and animals from communicable disease by administration of vaccine ( preparation of infecting agent) |
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Term
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Definition
already aquiring passive immunity |
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Term
how is passive immunization accomplished |
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Definition
by injecting humans or animals with preformed antibodies |
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Term
vaccines are useful for diseases that are? |
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Definition
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Term
how do vaccines and immunization actually work |
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Definition
mimics the pathogen and stimulates an immune response similar to actual infection |
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Term
vaccines are useful for diseases that are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
they mimic the pathogen and stimulates an immune responce similar to the actual infection examples small pox, polio, hepatitis A, B, measles |
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Term
successful vaccines have not developed for numerous deadly and diliberating disease yet because they are |
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Definition
chronic diseases the pathogen is able to evade or subvert the immune system AIDS, herpes, hepatits C, malaria |
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Term
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Definition
whole organism vaccines purified molecule vaccines recombinant vector vaccines DNA vaccines |
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Term
whole-organism vaccines can be |
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Definition
can be inactivated ( killed) or attenuated ( live but avirulent) |
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Term
inactivated whole organism vaccines are vaccines that |
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Definition
oftern require booster shots because they do not normally stimulate cell-mediated immunity or IgA production |
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Term
attenuated whole organism vaccines |
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Definition
are less stable and may revert to virulent form |
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Term
purified macromolecule vaccines use what |
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Definition
macromolecules derived from the pathogen to create an immune responce |
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Term
three types of macromolecule vaccines are |
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Definition
capsular polysacharides surface antigens ( hepatitis B) toxiods - inactivated exotoxins ( diptheria, tentanus) |
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Term
what is the process of a recombinant vector vaccine |
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Definition
gene from pathogen isolated and inserted into nonvirulent virus or bacterium microbe vectro replicated within host and expresses pathogens gene pathogens antigen causes a humoral and cell-mediated responce |
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Term
what is the process of a DNA vaccines |
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Definition
plasmid containing genes for pathogen's antigens is injected into host plasmid is taken up by muscle cell plasmid borne genes are expressed pathogen's anitgen cause a humoral and cell mediated response |
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Term
what are 8 contributing factors to reemerging disease |
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Definition
genetic recombination evolution of new strains inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides modern transportation public health failure animal control measures ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement changes in weather pattern |
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Term
an example of genetic recombination would be |
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Definition
avain influenza virus (H5N1) and E.coli |
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Term
an example of evolution of strains would be |
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Definition
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Term
and example of an inapprpriate use of antibiotics and pesticides would be |
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Definition
antibiotic resistant strains |
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Term
an example of the effects of changing weather pattern would be the |
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Definition
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Term
an example of the effects of modern technology would be |
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Definition
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Term
an example of the effects of ecological diaster, war, and expanding huamn settlement would be |
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Definition
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Term
an example of animal control measures would be |
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Definition
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Term
an example of public health failure would be |
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Definition
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Term
what infections are acquired as a result of hospital stay |
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Definition
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Term
what percent of hospital patients are affected by nosocomial infections |
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Definition
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Term
what are nosocomial infections usually caused by |
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Definition
bacteria that are members of the noraml microbiota |
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Term
an infection can exist in the absence of a disease |
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Definition
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Term
are microbes absolutly essential to animal life? |
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Definition
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Term
microbial antagonismb or competitive exclusion |
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Definition
involves competition among microbes |
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Term
when the normal balance between normal microbiota and pathogens is disrupted what happens? |
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Definition
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Term
the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host is called |
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Definition
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Term
one example of a communsalism relationship is |
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Definition
the normal microbia of the human skin, one organism benefits and the other is uneffected these organisms live on the secretion or slougb off cells, and bring no aparent benefit or harm to the host |
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Term
an example of mutalism would by |
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Definition
E.coli in the large instestine which feeds off the nutrients provided by the body and releases vitamin B and K |
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Term
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Definition
they do not normally cause disease but can if taken out of their normal habitat |
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Term
adrenoviruses cause what kind of disease |
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Definition
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Term
are all diseases caused by microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
what are two agents that cause disease that are only found in humans |
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Definition
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Term
what are subject changes like symptoms |
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Definition
they are noot apparent to the observer they are only felt by the patient |
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Term
are are objective changes |
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Definition
changes that are seen by the observer such as signs |
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Term
chicken pox and measles are examples of a ---- disease |
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Definition
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Term
what examples of a disease is tetanus |
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Definition
a noncommunicable disease |
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Term
the inicidence os a disease is the amount of population affected by the disease at a particular time period and is an indicator of the spread of disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
is the number of people in the population who have developed the disease at a specific time regardless of when it first appeared, both old and new cases |
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Term
what does pravelence indicate |
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Definition
how seriously and how long disease affects population |
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Term
what does incidence indicate |
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Definition
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Term
frequency of occurance is another way for us to classify diseases |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
constintly present in the population |
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Term
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Definition
many people in a given area in a short time |
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Term
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Definition
epidemic world wide many people short time world wide |
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Term
we classify infectious disease based on the occurance, the severity or duration |
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Definition
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Term
is influenza an example of an acute disease |
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Definition
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Term
is shingles a good example of a latent virus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
many immune people are present in the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
invadinf organisms are limited to a small area of the body |
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Term
systemic generaliozed infection |
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Definition
microorganisms and their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph |
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Term
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Definition
when microbes of local infections eneter the blood stream or lymphatic vessels and spread to other specific parts of the body where they are confined |
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Term
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Definition
toxic inflamatory condition arising from the spread of microbes |
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Term
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Definition
blood poisoning presence of bacteria or other toxins in the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
refers to viruses in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
one that does not cause any noticable illness, some people can carry the virus and not show any illness |
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Term
for an infectious disease to occur there must be a reservior? |
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Definition
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Term
a definite sequence of events usually occurs during infection and disease |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
makes the body more suseptable to disease |
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Term
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Definition
the interval between the intial infection and the first appearence of any signs or symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
relatively short and follows the incubation period. The normal mild symptoms of disease such as general aches |
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Term
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Definition
period when the disease is most severe, if the immune system does not overcome the pathogen the patient dies during this period |
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Term
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Definition
the signs and symptoms subside, fever decreases |
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Term
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Definition
the person regains strength |
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Term
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Definition
(0,0)Neutralism describes the relationship between two species which interact but do not affect each other. |
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Term
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Definition
(-,0) It is specifically a population interaction in which one organism is harmed, while the other is neither affected nor benefited |
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Term
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Definition
(-,-)Competition is a mutually detrimental interaction between individuals,Competition can be defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another |
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Term
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Definition
(+,-)one organism benefits and one does not |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
0,+ there is no benefit for the actions the animal is giving out but it benefits some other organism in some way. like me mowing the lawn for mom |
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Term
about ---zoonoses are known |
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Definition
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Term
contact transmission is the spread of disease by what 3 things |
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Definition
direct contact indirect contact or droplet trasnmission |
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Term
what is the general term used for a nonliving object in indirect contact? |
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Definition
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Term
what is money , toys, hankercheif, napkins.. ect all examples of |
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Definition
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Term
one sneeze can produce how many droplets |
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Definition
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Term
what are the most important group of disease vectors? |
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Definition
arthropods- animals that carry vectors to more than one host |
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Term
mechanical transmission of a vector |
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Definition
passive transport of the pathogen on the insects feet or other body parts ( flys land on food) |
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Term
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Definition
is an active process and is more complex. the arythropod bites an infected person pr animal an ingests some of the infected blood. the pathogens repoduce inside the vector. ans the increase of transmission has increased |
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Term
a nosocomial infection does not show any evidence of being present during admission to the hospital it is a result of the hospital stay |
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Definition
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Term
lister and semmelwies decrease the number of nosocomial infections tramedesly |
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Definition
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Term
noscomial infections represent the eighth leadin cause of death in the united states |
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Definition
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Term
all three factors together cause noscomial infections |
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Definition
true. microorganisms in the hospital enviroment, the weakened host, the chain of transmission in the hosiptal |
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Term
the hospital is consered a major reservior |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
one whose resistant to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns |
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Term
what is the order of the main cause of noscomial infections |
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Definition
urinary tract, surgical, and lower resperatory |
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