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principles of disease and epidemiology
epidemiology
204
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
07/26/2012

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Term
pathology
Definition
the study of disease
Term
pathogenicity
Definition
ability to produce pathological change in disease
Term
pathogenesis
Definition
the development of disease
Term
all speciesd interact with some species in some way true or false?
Definition
true
Term
symbiosis
Definition
defines all interaction of one species with one another
Term
in layperson terms symbiosis is often used to identify
Definition
mutualisms, relationship positive for both people
Term
commensalism
Definition
one organism benefits the other is neither harmed nor helped, the organism that benefits is called commensal
Term
what is an example of commensalims
Definition
skin or surface microbes on plants or animals, the plant or animal releases volitable, soluble, and particulate organic sompounds which are used by commensals
Term
mutualism
Definition
both organisms benefit from interaction
Term
example of mutualism
Definition
ruminants are animals that have stomach divided into four compartments and chew a cud Rumen, the first of these compartments, is located in the front of the true stomach, the Rumen essentially a fermentation vessel
Term
parasitism
Definition
one organism gains ( parasite) and the other is harmed (host), often difficult to distinguish from predation can be used as a forma of biological control
Term
what can be used as a forma of biological control
Definition
paracitism
Term
normal microbiota
Definition
defined as organism growing on the body surfaces of healthy individuals
the permemntly colonize the host
Term
transcient microbiota may be present for
Definition
days, moths, or weeks
Term
what protects through competitive exclusion
Definition
normal microbiota
Term
how does competitivw microbiota protect and organism
Definition
by covering binding sites, so pathogens can not bind, and they compete for nutrients, so nutrients are unavailable for pathogens
the also alter conditions ( ph oxygen availability)
also produce harmful subastnce
Term
an example of normal microbiota that alters conditions of ph and oxygen availability is
Definition
acidophilus lowers ph vagina- inhibits cadida albicans
Term
an example of normaL microbiota that produce harmful toxins are
Definition
E.Coli- which produce bacteriocins ) colicin)
inhibits growth of bacteria or the same or closely realted species ( salmonell and shigella)
Term
probiotics
Definition
the addtion of microbes to the diet in order to provide health benefits beyond the basic nutritional value
Term
proiotics examples are
Definition
lactobacillusspp. and bifidobacterium
Term
benefits of probiotics
Definition
restores rhe friendly bacteria found in the healthy digestive tract
aids in digestion and absorbtion of nutrients
promotes proper eleimination of wastes/ helps control diarehea
Term
prebiotics
Definition
a " non-digestible" food ingredient that beneficially effects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or more limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus imporves the hosts health.`
Term
ologosacacharide polymers are examples of prebiotics and are not processed until when
Definition
they hit the large intestine
Term
synbiotic system
Definition
combination of prebiotics and probioticsin single supplement, products in which the prebiotic compound selectively favors the growth of the probiotic compound
Term
thus a product containing oligofructose and probiotic bifidobacteria would fulfill what definition
Definition
synbiotic system
Term
benefits of probiotics in poultry
Definition
PREEMPT- a patient blend of 29 bacteria isolated from chicken cecum sprayed sprayed on day old chicks , preening moves bacteria in establishing a functional microbial community , and limits colonization of the gut by the process of competitive exclusion
Term
what may have an anticancer affect and a pssible modulation of Crohn;s disease
Definition
probiotics
Term
one benefit of probiotics is that lactic acid bacteria have been shown to alleviate diarhea and prevent colonization of salmonella enterica during antibiotic thereapy?
Definition
True
Term
infection
Definition
coloinization of the body by pathogens
Term
disease
Definition
impairment of the normal state of an organism or any of its components that hinders the performance of vital function
Term
infectious disease
Definition
diseas caused by a microorgasnism
Term
noncommnicable disease
Definition
a disease that is not transmitted from one organism to another
Term
communicable disease
Definition
a disease that is spread from one host to another
Term
contagious disease
Definition
a disease that is easily spread from one host to another
Term
symptoms
Definition
a change in the body function the is felt by the patient as a result of disease
Term
syndrome
Definition
a specific group of signs and symptoms that acompany a disease
Term
acute stage of disease
Definition
symptoms develope rapidly, last a short time
Term
chronic
Definition
disease develops slowly likely to continue or reoccur for long periods
Term
subacute
Definition
symptoms between acute and chronic
Term
latent
Definition
period when agent is inactive, no symptoms, then produces symptoms
Term
what are the 3 stages of a disease clssifying the serverity or duration?
Definition
acute, chronic, subacute
Term
sporadic disease
Definition
occurs occationally in a population ( or in irregular intervals)
Term
outbreak
Definition
sudden unexpected occurance of disease usually focal or in a limited segment of population
Term
endemic disease
Definition
constantly present in a population
Term
epidemic
Definition
aquiring many hosts in a given areas in a short time
Term
pandemic
Definition
increase in disease occurance within a large population over a wide region ( usually worldwide)
Term
incidence
Definition
fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specific time
Term
pravalence
Definition
fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time, depends both on incident rate and duration of illness
Term
to determine the disease what steps do you take
Definition
1. causative agent
2. source and or reservior of disease
3. mechanism of transmission
4. host and enviromental factors that facilitate development of disease within a defined population
5. best control measures
Term
inorder to determin what caused the disease what is normally used
Definition
koch's posyulates ( or modifications of them)
Term
clinical microbiology lab plays an important role in the
Definition
isolation and identification of pathogen
Term
robert Koch
Definition
german physician sought the link between bacillus anthracis and the disease anthrax
student of henle (formulator for the scientific method)
Term
Koch's postualtes
Definition
1. microbe must be present in every case of the disease, but absent in healthy organisms
2. suspected microbe must be isoloated and grown in the pure culture
3. the same disease must result when the isolated microbe is introduced into the healthy host
4. same microbe must be re-isolated from the newly diseased host
Term
how long has Koch's postulates served scientists for
Definition
nearly 100 years
Term
what probelms have arisen from Kochs postulates?
Definition
unculturable taxa- cannot survive outside the host - may require micronutrients/habitat we can not currently reproduce
some pathogens like streptococcus pyogenes can cause several disease conditions
some pathogens cause disease only in humans example HIV
Term
a couple examples pf organism that cannot survive outside their host are
Definition
treponema pallidum, mycobacterium leprae
rickettsial and viral pathogen
Term
robert Koch
Definition
german physician
sought the link between Bacillus anthrasis and the disease anthrax
also was a student of Henlle and (formulator of the scientific method)
Term
Robert Koch sought the link between what ?
Definition
bacillus anthrasis and anthrax
Term
Koch's postulates have served scientists for how many years
Definition
100
Term
how did we eventually solve the problem for using Kochs postulates?
Definition
we used alternative methods for culturing and detecting the pathogen for example: legionellosis(example in text) use of guinea pigs and chick embryos
Term
modern molecular techniques have allowed us to identify agents via.. so that we can incorporate them in animals and fix the problem of Kochs postulate
Definition
PCR,DNA arrays ect. by emphasising genes and virulence factors
Term
source
Definition
location of which the pathogen is transfered to the host
Term
reservior
Definition
site or natural enviromental location in which pathogen is normally found somtimes function as source of pathogen
Term
most of the time hosts are the important animate sourcesof the pathogen
Definition
true
Term
what are known as carriers
Definition
the infect the infected host
Term
what are the two classes of carriers
Definition
1. casual ( acute or transcient)- harbors pathogen a short time
2. chronic- harbors pathogen for long periods of time ( months years life)
Term
chronic cariersak
Definition
harbors pathogen for long periods of time ( months, years, life)
Term
casual carriers
Definition
acute or transcient harbors pathogens a short time
Term
what are the types of carriers
Definition
1.active carriers
2.convalescent carrier
3.incubatory carrier
4.healthy carrier
Term
active carrier
Definition
has overt clinical case of disease
Term
convalescent carrier
Definition
has recoverred from disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogens
Term
what kind of carrier would I be of merca
Definition
a covalescent carrier
Term
incubatory carrier
Definition
habors pathogen but is not yet ill
Term
healthy carrier
Definition
harbors pathogens but is not ill
Term
animal reserviors transmission to humans
Definition
can be indirect or direct
Term
with animal reseriors numerous diseases are
Definition
zoonoses
Term
zoonoses
Definition
diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans by vectors
Term
organisms that spread disease from one host to another by what 4 methods
Definition
1.water
2.air
3.soil
4.food
Term
four main routes that the pathogen is transmitted are?
Definition
1.contact
2.airborne
3.vehicle
4.vector-borne
Term
contact transmission
Definition
comming together or touching of source/reservior and host
Term
there are three types of contact transmission which are
Definition
direct contact- ( person to person); the physical interaction between source/reservior ( infected host) and suseptable host
2. indirect contact- involves an intermediate ( usually inanimate object)
3. droplet spread- large particles (>5mm)that travel < 1 meter
Term
with contact transmission droplet spread conditions are if..
Definition
the particles (are greater than 5mm and travel less than meter)
Term
airborne transmission
Definition
pathogens suspend in air that are less than 5mm and can travel farther than 1 meter
Term
airborne pathogens are called
Definition
droplet nuclei
Term
can airborne pathogens remain airborne for a long time? ( hours or days)
Definition
yes
Term
what kind of pathogen transmission can travel long distances?
Definition
airborn transmission
Term
airborne transmission usually propells from respiratory tract or source organisms by
Definition
coughing .. sneezing, or vocalizing, as well as dust particles which are important in transmission
Term
vehicle transmissions are
Definition
inanimate materials or objects involved in pathogen transmission
Term
common vehicle transmission is what
Definition
single vehicle pathogen spreads to multiple hosts
Term
what are four types of vehicles
Definition
water
food
soil
air
Term
what type of transmission are fomites?
Definition
vehicle transmission, they are surgical instruments, bedding, eating utensils,
Term
note* fomites can be considered what?
Definition
indirect contact transmission
Term
vector-borne transmission.. 2 types are?
Definition
external ( mechanical transmission- passive carriage of pathogen on body or vector no growth of pathogen during transmission
OR
internal transmission- carried within vector
Term
with vectotr internal transmission
Definition
pathogen undergoes change within vector
Term
with vector internal transmission what is it called when pathogen does not undergo changes within vector?
Definition
harborage transmission
Term
there are two main factors of why the host was suseptable to the pathogen
Definition
defense mechanism of host
and the pathogenicity of pathogen
Term
the pathogen left the host in two ways
Definition
active escape
passive escape
Term
active escape
Definition
movement of pathogen to portal of exitq
Term
what is a parasitic helminths examples of
Definition
active escape of a pathogen
Term
passive escape
Definition
excretion in feces, urine, droplets, saliva, or desquamated
Term
what mode of escape is most frequently used
Definition
passice escape
Term
when controlling epidemics you have to consider 3 things
Definition
available resources and time constraints
adverse effects of potential control measures
human activitites that might influence the spread of infection
Term
control measures reflect comprimise
Definition
true
Term
identify components of the disease cycle that are primarily responsible for particular epidemic...then
Definition
find the weakest link and focus control measures there
Term
there are three methods for controlling epidemics
Definition
1. reduce or eliminate source or resevior of infection
2. break connection between source and suseptable individual( general sansatation measures)
3. reduce number of suspectable individuals ( raise the number of herd immunity)
Term
reducing or eliminate source or reservior infection includes 4 things
Definition
1. quarantine or isoldation of cases and carriers
2. destruction of animal reservior
3.treatment of sewage to decrease water conaminant
4. therapy that reduces or emilinates infectiviy of cases
Term
break connection between source and suseptable individual includes
Definition
chlorination of water supplies
pasterization of milk
supervision and inspection of food and food handlers
destruction of insect vectors with pesticides
Term
reduce number of suseptable individuals includes what
Definition
passive and active immunization
Term
active immunization purpose is to
Definition
to protect the individual from the pathogen and the population from the epidemic.
Term
passive immunization purpose is to
Definition
to give temporary immunity following exposure to a pathogen or when a disease threatens to take a epidemic form.
Term
active immunizations are
Definition
protection from suseptable humans and animals from communicable disease by administration of vaccine ( preparation of infecting agent)
Term
passive immunization is
Definition
already aquiring passive immunity
Term
how is passive immunization accomplished
Definition
by injecting humans or animals with preformed antibodies
Term
vaccines are useful for diseases that are?
Definition
acute
Term
how do vaccines and immunization actually work
Definition
mimics the pathogen and stimulates an immune response similar to actual infection
Term
vaccines are useful for diseases that are
Definition
acute
Term
what do vaccines do
Definition
they mimic the pathogen and stimulates an immune responce similar to the actual infection examples small pox, polio, hepatitis A, B, measles
Term
successful vaccines have not developed for numerous deadly and diliberating disease yet because they are
Definition
chronic diseases the pathogen is able to evade or subvert the immune system
AIDS, herpes, hepatits C, malaria
Term
4 types of vaccines are
Definition
whole organism vaccines
purified molecule vaccines
recombinant vector vaccines
DNA vaccines
Term
whole-organism vaccines can be
Definition
can be inactivated ( killed) or attenuated ( live but avirulent)
Term
inactivated whole organism vaccines are vaccines that
Definition
oftern require booster shots because they do not normally stimulate cell-mediated immunity or IgA production
Term
attenuated whole organism vaccines
Definition
are less stable and may revert to virulent form
Term
purified macromolecule vaccines use what
Definition
macromolecules derived from the pathogen to create an immune responce
Term
three types of macromolecule vaccines are
Definition
capsular polysacharides
surface antigens ( hepatitis B)
toxiods - inactivated exotoxins ( diptheria, tentanus)
Term
what is the process of a recombinant vector vaccine
Definition
gene from pathogen isolated and inserted into nonvirulent virus or bacterium
microbe vectro replicated within host and expresses pathogens gene
pathogens antigen causes a humoral and cell-mediated responce
Term
what is the process of a DNA vaccines
Definition
plasmid containing genes for pathogen's antigens is injected into host
plasmid is taken up by muscle cell
plasmid borne genes are expressed
pathogen's anitgen cause a humoral and cell mediated response
Term
what are 8 contributing factors to reemerging disease
Definition
genetic recombination
evolution of new strains
inappropriate use of antibiotics and pesticides
modern transportation
public health failure
animal control measures
ecological disaster, war, and expanding human settlement
changes in weather pattern
Term
an example of genetic recombination would be
Definition
avain influenza virus (H5N1) and E.coli
Term
an example of evolution of strains would be
Definition
V. Cholerae
Term
and example of an inapprpriate use of antibiotics and pesticides would be
Definition
antibiotic resistant strains
Term
an example of the effects of changing weather pattern would be the
Definition
Hantavirus
Term
an example of the effects of modern technology would be
Definition
the west nile virus
Term
an example of the effects of ecological diaster, war, and expanding huamn settlement would be
Definition
coccidioidomycosis
Term
an example of animal control measures would be
Definition
lyme disease
Term
an example of public health failure would be
Definition
diptheria
Term
what infections are acquired as a result of hospital stay
Definition
nosocomial infections
Term
what percent of hospital patients are affected by nosocomial infections
Definition
5-15%
Term
what are nosocomial infections usually caused by
Definition
bacteria that are members of the noraml microbiota
Term
an infection can exist in the absence of a disease
Definition
true
Term
are microbes absolutly essential to animal life?
Definition
no
Term
microbial antagonismb or competitive exclusion
Definition
involves competition among microbes
Term
when the normal balance between normal microbiota and pathogens is disrupted what happens?
Definition
disease results
Term
the relationship between the normal microbiota and the host is called
Definition
symbiosis
Term
one example of a communsalism relationship is
Definition
the normal microbia of the human skin, one organism benefits and the other is uneffected these organisms live on the secretion or slougb off cells, and bring no aparent benefit or harm to the host
Term
an example of mutalism would by
Definition
E.coli in the large instestine which feeds off the nutrients provided by the body and releases vitamin B and K
Term
opportunistic pathogens
Definition
they do not normally cause disease but can if taken out of their normal habitat
Term
adrenoviruses cause what kind of disease
Definition
respiratory
Term
are all diseases caused by microorganisms
Definition
no
Term
what are two agents that cause disease that are only found in humans
Definition
HIV and AIDS virus
Term
what are subject changes like symptoms
Definition
they are noot apparent to the observer they are only felt by the patient
Term
are are objective changes
Definition
changes that are seen by the observer such as signs
Term
chicken pox and measles are examples of a ---- disease
Definition
contagious
Term
what examples of a disease is tetanus
Definition
a noncommunicable disease
Term
the inicidence os a disease is the amount of population affected by the disease at a particular time period and is an indicator of the spread of disease
Definition
true
Term
pravalence
Definition
is the number of people in the population who have developed the disease at a specific time regardless of when it first appeared, both old and new cases
Term
what does pravelence indicate
Definition
how seriously and how long disease affects population
Term
what does incidence indicate
Definition
the spead of disease
Term
frequency of occurance is another way for us to classify diseases
Definition
true
Term
sporadic disease
Definition
occurs occationally
Term
endemic disease
Definition
constintly present in the population
Term
epedimic disease
Definition
many people in a given area in a short time
Term
pandemic
Definition
epidemic world wide many people short time world wide
Term
we classify infectious disease based on the occurance, the severity or duration
Definition
true
Term
is influenza an example of an acute disease
Definition
yes
Term
is shingles a good example of a latent virus
Definition
yes
Term
herd immunity
Definition
many immune people are present in the enviroment
Term
local infection
Definition
invadinf organisms are limited to a small area of the body
Term
systemic generaliozed infection
Definition
microorganisms and their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph
Term
focal infection
Definition
when microbes of local infections eneter the blood stream or lymphatic vessels and spread to other specific parts of the body where they are confined
Term
sepsis
Definition
toxic inflamatory condition arising from the spread of microbes
Term
septimia
Definition
blood poisoning presence of bacteria or other toxins in the bloodstream
Term
viremia
Definition
refers to viruses in the blood
Term
subclinical infection
Definition
one that does not cause any noticable illness, some people can carry the virus and not show any illness
Term
for an infectious disease to occur there must be a reservior?
Definition
true
Term
a definite sequence of events usually occurs during infection and disease
Definition
true
Term
predisposing factor
Definition
makes the body more suseptable to disease
Term
incubation period
Definition
the interval between the intial infection and the first appearence of any signs or symptoms
Term
prodromal period
Definition
relatively short and follows the incubation period. The normal mild symptoms of disease such as general aches
Term
period of illness
Definition
period when the disease is most severe, if the immune system does not overcome the pathogen the patient dies during this period
Term
period of decline
Definition
the signs and symptoms subside, fever decreases
Term
period of convalescence
Definition
the person regains strength
Term
neutralism
Definition
(0,0)Neutralism describes the relationship between two species which interact but do not affect each other.
Term
amensalism
Definition
(-,0) It is specifically a population interaction in which one organism is harmed, while the other is neither affected nor benefited
Term
competition
Definition
(-,-)Competition is a mutually detrimental interaction between individuals,Competition can be defined as an interaction between organisms or species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another
Term
predation
Definition
(+,-)one organism benefits and one does not
Term
mutalism
Definition
(+,+)
Term
predation
Definition
(-,+)
Term
commensulism
Definition
(+,0)
Term
coooperation
Definition
0,+ there is no benefit for the actions the animal is giving out but it benefits some other organism in some way. like me mowing the lawn for mom
Term
about ---zoonoses are known
Definition
150
Term
contact transmission is the spread of disease by what 3 things
Definition
direct contact indirect contact or droplet trasnmission
Term
what is the general term used for a nonliving object in indirect contact?
Definition
fomite
Term
what is money , toys, hankercheif, napkins.. ect all examples of
Definition
fomites
Term
one sneeze can produce how many droplets
Definition
20000
Term
what are the most important group of disease vectors?
Definition
arthropods- animals that carry vectors to more than one host
Term
mechanical transmission of a vector
Definition
passive transport of the pathogen on the insects feet or other body parts ( flys land on food)
Term
biological transmission
Definition
is an active process and is more complex. the arythropod bites an infected person pr animal an ingests some of the infected blood. the pathogens repoduce inside the vector. ans the increase of transmission has increased
Term
a nosocomial infection does not show any evidence of being present during admission to the hospital it is a result of the hospital stay
Definition
true
Term
lister and semmelwies decrease the number of nosocomial infections tramedesly
Definition
true
Term
noscomial infections represent the eighth leadin cause of death in the united states
Definition
true
Term
all three factors together cause noscomial infections
Definition
true. microorganisms in the hospital enviroment, the weakened host, the chain of transmission in the hosiptal
Term
the hospital is consered a major reservior
Definition
true
Term
comprimised hose
Definition
one whose resistant to infection is impaired by disease, therapy or burns
Term
what is the order of the main cause of noscomial infections
Definition
urinary tract, surgical, and lower resperatory
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