-cells are relatively small

-smallest cells are mycoplasma (0.1-1.0 micrometers)

-typical bacterial cell (1-10 micrometers)

-typical eukaryotic cell (10-1000 micrometers)

-born in Delft Hollan 1632

-draper by trade

-made simple (one-lens) microscope that provided excellent resolution-ability to see fine detail

-first to observe and describe bacteria and protozoa

-wrote letters to royal society in London

-used fancy compound microscope to observe cells

-well versed in architecture, physics, philosophy

-asked why does cork float so took slice of cork and looked at it under microscope

-perforated and porous

-published micrographia in 1665

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann 

-met in1838

-botanist

-looked at lots of plant cells and said

they were all made of cells

zoologist

all animals made of cells

-all living things made of cells

-cells are basic structural and functional units of life

What did Rudolph Virchow add to the Cell Theory?

-all cells come from pre-existing cells

-this added to ongoing controversy on the origin of life

said life can spotaneously emerge from non life

this is wrong

pro=before karyon=nucleus

-lack a well-defined nucleus

-first cell types to emerge about 3.8 million years ago

-bacteria

-lack all membrane-bound organelles

-lack a well-define nucleus

-most have peptidoglycan cell wall

-divie by binary fission

organized layer of polysaccharides firmly attached to cell surface

Really thick: help attach to surface

Thin: can make bacteria slippery

-antiphagocytic properties

-allows bacteria to stick to a surfce

-prevents drying out

NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

NAG-NAM-NAG-NAM

-polymer of 2 simple sugars

-tetrapeptide cross lines in between 2

prevents cell from bursting

Polymer of:

-N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG)

-N-acetyl muramic acid (NAM)

Bacterial cell walls because when bacteria gets bigger they have to break cell wall so its weak

-antibiotics block new walls from forming

area of cell which single circular bacterial chromosome is found

NOT surrounded by nuclear membrane

Eu=true/Karyon=nucleus

most cells have this design

lots of compartments within the cell seperate competing reactions

most of cells DNA found here (6 billion in 1)

protects cell DNA

provides for orderly transfer of genetic material to next gen.

store genetic info and provide it to cell when needed

2 phospholipid bilayer=enevelope

eating cells

made by Golgi apparatus, involved in digestion

containts powerful digestive enzymes

fuses with vacuole and digests contents

recycles worn out parts 

selective cell death

cells break down glucose to produce energy(cell resp)

3 steps: glycolysis, Kreb cycle, Electorn transport chain

chloro=green/plast=form

contains pigments which absorbs physical light

light used to synthesize food (glucose)

processes, packages, & exports proteins and lipids

adds phosphate groups and sugars

makes lysosomes

Rough ER-ribosomes stuck on it

involved in making and transporting proteins

Smooth ER-makes and transports lipids

not surrounded by membrane

found in all living cells

Function is to make proteins

-sterids

-dissolve through lipid bilayer

-glucose and ions

require special protein gate

Intrinsic, integral, and transmembrane all span whole membrane

Extrinsic and peripheral proteins only part of membrane

phospholipids, cholestoral, glycoprotein

-checks ID cards

cell recognition

adhesion

signal transduction

-passive transport

-active transport

-bulk transport

no ATP required

higher to lower concentration

simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

osmosis 

movement of subtances from an area of greater to an area of lower concentration

continues until equilibrium is reached

no membrane required

protein carrier facilitates movement of substances

no ATP required

glucose transport into cells

at some point subtances move against concentration gradient

requires protein carrier

requires ATP

NAK pump

cell exports a large amount of a substance

WBC eating bacteria

special type of diffusion involving water and a membrane

moves from size with more water to side with less

hypo=less/tonic=solid stuff

less solid stuff than the other side of the membrane

plant cells prefer a hypotonic solution (Turgid)

in iso (Flaccid)

in hyper shrivel (Plasmolyzed)

prefer isotonic

Hypo burst= LYSIS

Hyper shrivel= CRENATION

process by which cells get energy (ATP) from glucose

1. Glycolysis

2. The Kreb Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

glyco=sugar/lysis=splitting

glucose is packed with energy, in order to get it out we must split it into 2

occurs in cytoplasm of all cells

2 ATP

2 Pyruvates (3c)

no O2, doesnt occur in our cells

pyruvate converted to ethanol and CO2

no ATP generated

purpose is to regenerate NAD+

occurs in muscle cells that doesn't have enough oxygen to break down to pyruvate

pyruvate is "Stored" as lactic acid until enough oxygen is available

no ATP generated

harvests energy stored in 2 pyruvates

occurs in mitochondrion

requires oxygen

3 steps: conversion reacton, Kreb cycle, Electron Transport chain

pyruvate too big for Krebs cycle

loses a carbon (CO2)

picks up guide Coenzyme-A

occurs in mitochondrial matrix

2 carbins eneter, 2 leave

1 ATP per pyruvate= 2ATPs

Energy is in NADH and FADH2

after Kreb cycle, most of the energy that was in pyruvate has been converted to high energy electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

thes ewill be used to make ATP in Electron Transport Chain

series of special proteins on inner mitochondrial membrane

they are "special" because they are able to accept/donate electrons

-NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to carriers on electron transport chain

-as electrons are passed from one carrier to the next, some energy is used to pump H+ from matrix to intermembrane space

-intermembrane space becomes a resorvoir of H+

-the H+ are funneled back through a special protein called ATP synthase generating ATP

Shit in Electron Transport Chain?

Q=ubiquinone

NADH dehydrogenase

Cytochrome b-C1

Cytochrome C

Cytochrome oxidase (1/2O2+2H+)

ATP synthase

Directly-2 ATP

2 NADH= 6 ATP