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Principles of Psych
Exam 3
59
Psychology
Graduate
11/08/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
 Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition
The tendency, in explaining other people's behavior, to overestimate personality factors and underestimate the influence of the situation.
Term
 What are attitudes? Do they guide our actions? Do actions guide our attitudes?
Definition
 Attitudes are beliefs and feelings the predispose our reactions. (yes, if...) yes, example is the stanford prison experiment
Term
Why do actions affect our attitudes?
Definition
Cognitive dissonance
Term
Cognitive Dissonance
Definition
A state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitive that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person's belief is incongruent with his or her behavior
Term
What can harm an embryo or fetus?
Definition
alcohol, led, x-rays, STD's, smoking, drugs, etc.
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
A system of beliefs about the way one's own mind and the mind of others work, and of how individuals are affected by their beliefs and feelings.
Term
What do babies know?
Definition
Habituation (bored with things), rooting reflex, recognize faces, Mom's smell...
Term

Piaget's Stage Theory

Sensorimotor (birth to age 2)

Definition

-sensory and motor interactions with objects

-no object permanence until 8 months?

-no abstract concepts or ideas?

Term

Piaget's Stage Theory

Preoperational (age 2 to 6 years)

 

Definition

-can't perform mental interactions like conversation (conversation quantity remains the same despite changes in shape)

-they are egocentric (can't perceive things from another's point of view)

-Theory of Mind (people's ideas about their own and other's mental states; not fully developed yet)

 

Term

Piaget's Stage Theory

Concrete Operational (7 to 11 years)

Definition

-they can think logically about concrete events

-they have conversations, can do math, transformations, etc.

-still cannot think logically about abstract concepts

Term
Schemas
Definition
concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
Term
Assimilation
Definition
interpreting a new experience in terms of an existing schema
Term
Accomodation
Definition
adjusting schemas to fit new information
Term

Piaget's Stage Theory

Formal Operational (12+ years)

Definition
-logical thinking about abstract concepts
Term
Imprinting
Definition
some animals form attachments during a critical period just after birth (not humans)
Term
Attachment
Definition
emotional tie with another person (infant-parent bond); Harlow's monkey study (touch is key)
Term

Attachment Styles:

Secure (60% of babies)

Definition

-when mom is present, they play and explore

-when mom leaves, they cry

-when mom comes back, they go to her

Term

Attachment Styles:

Ambivalent (Insecure)

Definition

-when mom is present, they cling and don't explore

-when mom leaves, they really cry

-when mom comes back, they go to mom but are still upset

Term

Attachments Styles:

Avoidant (Insecure)

Definition

-when mom is present, they don't use her as a base

-when mom leaves, they don't cry

-when mom comes back, they don'y seek her

Term
What causes insecure attachment?
Definition

-it's not daycare

-it's not all mom's fault

-it's not different in child-rearing

-stress, neglect, abandonment

-temperament

Term
When does self-awareness occur?
Definition
18 months
Term
Prejudice
Definition

A strong, unreasonable dislike or hatred of a group, based on a negative stereotype

-Unjustifiable attitude towards a group

-Beliefs, emotions, predispositions to action

-Subtle ("The Good Wife" article)

Term
Where does prejudice come from?
Definition
ingroup/outgroup (we define who we are in terms of our groups)
Term
What is an example of role-playing?
Definition
Zimbardo's Standford Prison Experiment
Term
What is an example of conformity?
Definition
Asch's "lines" experiment
Term
What are some conditions that strengthen conformity?
Definition
Obedience; Milgram's study (over 60% of people went all the way to XXX)
Term
What is an example of social facilitation?
Definition
joggers speed up when they see other people
Term
What is an example of social loafing?
Definition
people give less effort when part of a team than when individually accountable
Term
Groupthink
Definition
The tendency for all members of a group to think alike for the sake of harmony and to suppress disagreement
Term
Deindividuation
Definition
In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuality
Term
Social Norms
Definition
Rules that regulate social life, including explicit laws and implicit cultural conventions
Term
James-Lange Theory
Definition

-physio comes first

-our feelings follow our body's response

Term
Cannon-Bard Theory
Definition

-problems with James-Lange; body's responses not distinct enough to envoke all different emotions

-Cannon-Bard; physio and conscious experience occur at the same time

Term
Two-Factor Theory (Schacter)
Definition

-physio and a cognitive label

-you have to interpert the arousal

(Schacter's epinephrine study; Dutton and Aron, attraction and arousal)

Term
Who is good at telling if someone is lying?
Definition
CIA agents and secret service agents
Term
Are hand gestures and facial expressions universal?
Definition
hand gestures are not, but facial expressions are
Term
How many emotions are there?
Definition

Primary: anger, happiness, fear, surprise, disgust, sadness, and contempt

Secondary: variations and blends of the primaries

Term
Fear
Definition

-usually helpful

-we can learn to fear almost anything

(personal experience and observational learning)

Term
Amygdala
Definition
part of the limbic system (emotions), known for fear, and is the key to learning fear
Term
Catharsis
Definition
an emotional release; "hypothesis," don't think about anger and it will lessen
Term
Ethnocentrism
Definition
The belief that one's own ethnic group, nation, or religion is superior to all others
Term
What are the three stages of prenatal development?
Definition
the germinal, the embryonic, and the fetal
Term
Brain Development
Definition
Maturation unfolds in an orderly pattern, without much influence from the enviroment
Term
Object Permanence
Definition
The understanding, which develops throughout the first year, that an object continues to exist even when you cannot see it or touch it
Term
Conservation
Definition
The understanding that the physical properties of objects, such as the number of items in a cluster or the amount of liquid in a glass, can remain the same even when their form or apperance changes
Term
When does adolescence start and end?
Definition
It refers to the period of time between puberty, the age at which a person becomes capable of sexual reproduction, and adulthood
Term

Social Development:

Erikson's Stages of Identity

Definition

1. Trust versus mistrust

2. Autonomy (independence) versus shame and doubt

3. Initiative versus guilt

4. Competence versus inferiority

5. Indentity versus role confusion

6. Intimacy versus isolation

7. Generativity versus stagnation

8. Ego intregrity versus despair

Term
Valence and Arousal is to...
Definition
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
Display Rules
Definition
Social and cultural rules that regulate when, how, and where a person may express (or supress) emotions.
Term
________ expressions of ________ are adaptive, _______ ________ are not.
Definition
controlled, anger, violent outbursts
Term
Adaptation-level Phenomenon
Definition
always need more
Term
Relative-deprivation Principle
Definition
Never knew you were poor until you noticed your neighbors...
Term
Mirror Neurons
Definition
Brain cells that fire when a person or animal observes others carrying out an action; they are involved in empathy, imitation, and reading emotions
Term
PNI
Definition
The study of the relationships amoung psychology, the nervous and endocrine systems, and the immune system
Term
Locus of Control
Definition
A general expectation about whether the results of your actions are under your own control (internal locus) or beyond your control (external locus)
Term
Attribution Theory
Definition
The theory that people are motivated to explain their own and other people's behavior by attributing causes of that behavior to a situation or a disposition
Term
Self-fulfilling Prophecy
Definition
An expectation that comes true because of the tendency of the peron holding it to act in ways that bring it about
Term
Altruism
Definition
The willingness to take selfless or dangerous action on behalf of others, are in part a matter of personal convictions and conscience
Term
What is the intent of aggression?
Definition
To hurt or destroy
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