Term
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Definition
| A duplication process that is accomplished by copying from a template (for example, reproduction at the level of DNA) |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which genes produce RNAs and proteins and exert their effects on the phenotype of an oganism |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the DNA at a particular locus in an organism. The term used loosely to include point mutations involving a single gene change as well as a chromosomal change |
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Term
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
(DNA) |
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Definition
| The information-carryinggenetic material comprised of genes. DNA is a macromolecule composed of a long chain of deoxyribonucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages. Each deoxyribonucleotide contains a phosphate group, the five carbon sugar 2-deoxyribose, and a nitrogen containing base. |
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Term
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Definition
| The information-carrying material of some viruses; more generally, a molecule derived from DNA by transcription that may carry information (messanger or mRNA), provide subcellular structure (ribosomal or rRNA), transport amino acids (transfer or tRNA), or facilitate the biochemical modification of itself or other RNA molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic alteration of an organism brought about by the incorporation of foreign DNA into cells. |
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Term
Deoxtribonuclease
(DNase) |
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Definition
| Any enzyme that hydrolyzes DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any enzyme that hydrolyzes RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The uptake of DNA by a karyotic cell, followed by the incorporation of genetic markers present in the DNA into the cell's genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subunit of DNA and RNA molecules containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen containing organic base. |
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Term
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Definition
| A purine base found in RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A purine base found in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrimadine base found in DNA. In RNA thymine is replaced by uracile. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pyrimidine base found in DNA and RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A double-ring nitrogen-containing base present in nucleic acids, adenine and guanine are the two purines present in most DNA and RNA molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| A single-ring nitrogen-containing base present in nucleic acids; cytosine and thymine are commonly present in DNA, whereas uracil typically replace thymine in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA molecule composed of two complementary strips |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between the two strands of a double helix of DNA. Thymine in one strands pairs with adenine in another strand, and cytosine in one strand pairs with guanine in the other strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA runs side-by-side in opposite directions. The 5' C is located on leading strand, and the 3' C is located on lagging strand. The nucleotides are similar and parallel but they go in opposite directions |
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Term
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Definition
Double-helix DNA that exsists as a right handed helix with 10.4 base pairs per turn; the conformation of DNA when present in an aqueous solution containing low salt concentrations.
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Term
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Definition
| A right handed DNA double helix that has 11 base pairs per turn. DNA exist in this from when partially dehydrated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A left handed double helix that forms in G:C rich DNA molecules. The Z refers to the zig-zag path of the sugar-phosphate backbones in this form of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of coiled tertiary structures in double stranded DNA molecules wit fixed (not free to rotate) ends when the molecules are unwound |
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Term
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Definition
| The condensed intracellular state of the DNA in the nucleoid of a bacterium. The DNA is segregated into domains, and each domain is independantly negatively supercoiled |
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Term
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Definition
| Loops that are individually negatively supercharged. |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex of DNA and proteis in eukaryotic chromosomes; originally named because of the readiness with which it stains with certain dyes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of proteins rich in basic amino acids. They function in the coiling of DNA in chromosomes and in the regulation of gene activity |
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Term
| Nonhistone Chromosomal Proteins |
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Definition
| All of the proteins in chromosomes except the histones |
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Term
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Definition
| Spherical subunits of eukaryotic chromatin that are composed of a core particle consisting of an octomere of histones and 146 nucleotide pairs |
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Term
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Definition
| Multistrand model in chromosomes for compression where DNA molecules run parallel |
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Term
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Definition
| Single strand model of DNA for the compression of chromosomes where one long DNA molecule goes from one end, through the centromere, all the way to the other end |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 to 114 nucleotide pairs between each individual nucleosome core |
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Term
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Definition
| Octomore of histones 2 H2a + 2 H2b + 2 H3 + 2 H4, with 146 nucleotide pairs wrapped around |
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Term
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Definition
| A basic organizational unit of eukaryotic chromosomes that consist of DNA and associated protiens assembled into strands of average diameter 30 nm |
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Term
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Definition
| The central core structure of condensed chromosomes. The scaffold composed of nonhistone chromosomal proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The unique stucture found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Telomeric repeat binding factor 2. TTAGG repeated in telomeres (mostly vertbrates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Loss of native configuration of a macromolecule, usually accompanied by loss of biological activity. Denatured protiens often unfold their polypeptide chains and express changed properties of solubility |
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