Term
| how do sponges circulate water? |
|
Definition
| using incurrent and excurrent pores |
|
|
Term
| how does hydra circulate water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large animals require separate circulatory system for what? |
|
Definition
| nutrient and waste transport |
|
|
Term
| no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid (hemolymph) is what kind of system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is different about a closed circulatory system? |
|
Definition
a closed circulatory system has distinct circulatory fluids enclosed in the blood vessels
transported away from the heart and than back to the heart |
|
|
Term
| fishes have how many pumping chambers? and what are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the first chamber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the second? |
|
Definition
| ventricle and conus ateriosus |
|
|
Term
| amphibians requires two pumping circuits or double circulation .. what are they called? |
|
Definition
1) pulmonary circulation which is between the heart and the lungs
2) systemic circulation which is between the heart and the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| how many chambers does a frog's heart have? |
|
Definition
3
two atria and one ventricle
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixes very little |
|
|
Term
| whats another way amphibians can absorb o2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is consisted of our 4 chambered heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steps of how the blood travels |
|
Definition
deoxygenated blood is pumped into the right atria
goes into the right ventricle
into the lungs
THEN
goes into left atria
pumped into left ventricle
pumped out to the body |
|
|
Term
| how many valves does the heart have and what are the names of them? |
|
Definition
2
atrioventricular (AV) valves & semilunar valves |
|
|
Term
| what does the atrioventricular valve do? |
|
Definition
guards the openings of the atria and ventricle
tricuspid valve on right side
bicuspid on the left |
|
|
Term
| what does the semilunar valve do? |
|
Definition
guards the exit from the ventricles to the arterial system
pulmonary valve on right
aortic valve on left |
|
|
Term
| R&L _______ delivers deoxgenated from the right _____ to the R&L lung then goes and passes the oxygenated blood to left atria |
|
Definition
| pulmonary arteries; ventricle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| what does the superior vena cava drain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what about inferior vena cava? |
|
Definition
| lower body, drains into right atrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures arterial blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the peak pressure where ventricles are contracting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ is the minimum resting tie between heartbeats a ventricle have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contraction of the heart muscle is stimulated by ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| membrane depolarization is triggered by the ______ nodes, the most important autorhythmic fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the sinoatrial node do? |
|
Definition
located on the right atrium
used as a pacemaker for the rest of the heart
produces spontaneous action potentials faster than other cells |
|
|
Term
| what travels to the atrioventricular (AV) node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after it goes to the AV node it is conducted rapidly over both ventricles by a network of fibers called |
|
Definition
| atrioventricular bundle or bundle of His |
|
|
Term
| where does it go after it goes through the atrioventricular bundle? |
|
Definition
| relayed to Purkinje fibers to stimulate the myocardial cells of the ventricles so they can contract |
|
|
Term
| what can be used to record this electrical activity? |
|
Definition
electrocardiogram
ECG or EKG
1st peek (P) produced by depolarization of atria (atrial systole)
2nd peek (QRS) produced by ventricular depolarization (ventrical systole)
3rd peek (T) produced by repolarization of ventricles (ventrical diastole) |
|
|
Term
| through what does the blood hear the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the finest, microscopic branches of the arterial tree? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do the blood from arterioles go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood is collected in _____ which leads to larger vessels, _______ so they can carry back to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| arteries and veins are composed of four tissue layers: |
|
Definition
endothelium
elastic fibers
smooth muscle
connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| vasconstriction is when .. |
|
Definition
| the contraction of the smooth muscle layer, which greatly increases resistance and decreases blood flow |
|
|
Term
| chronic vasconstriction can result in ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| relaxation of the smooth muscle layer results in _____, decreasing resistance and increasing blood flow to organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| return blood to the heart with the help of skeletal muscle contractions and one way _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the lymphatic system consist of? |
|
Definition
lymphatic capillairies
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph organs |
|
|
Term
| what passes into larger vessles with one way valves? |
|
Definition
a lymph
eventually drains into subclavian veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| germ centers that activates lymphocyte activation |
|
|
Term
| what is a myocardial infarction? |
|
Definition
heart attack
main cause of cardiovascular disease
insufficient blood flow to heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chest pains
similar to heart attack but not as severe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| interference with blood supply to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
accumulation of fatty material within arteries
clogging arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| arterial hardening due to calcium deposition |
|
|
Term
| what nervous system regulates blood flow and pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the medulla oblongata do? |
|
Definition
modulates heart rate
(cardiac center) |
|
|
Term
| what from sympathetic neurons increase heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what from the parasympathetic neurons decreases heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per min
increase during exertion because increase of both heart rate and stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| arterial bp depends on cardiac output(CO) and the resistance(R) to blood flow in the _____ |
|
Definition
vascular system
BP = CO x R |
|
|
Term
| what is the baroreceptor reflex |
|
Definition
it is a negative feedback loop that responds to a blood pressure change
if bp decreases, # of impulses to cardiac center is decreased; ultimately resulting in over all increase BP
if bp increase, # of impulses to cardiac center is increased; ultimately resulting in BP decrease |
|
|
Term
| blood pressure increases with __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| blood volume is regulated by four hormones, what are they? |
|
Definition
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic hormone
nitric oxide (NO) |
|
|
Term
| blood is a ____ tissue composed of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of circulating blood? |
|
Definition
1) transportation of materials
2) regulation of body functions
3) protection from injury and invasion |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of plasma? |
|
Definition
92% water
nutrients
wastes
hormones
ions
protiens (albumin, alpha/beta, globulins, and fibrinogen)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fraction of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells |
|
|
Term
| white blood cells have less than ___ of blood cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T/F
WBC are larger and has a nuclei than RBC so WBC can migrate out of the capillaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Granular leukocytes (wbc) |
|
Definition
| neutrophilis, eosinophils, and basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| monocytes and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do platelets help with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood cell production
occurs in the bone marrow
|
|
|
Term
| what does hematopoiesis produce? |
|
Definition
lymphoid stem cell --> lymphocytes
myeloid stem cell --> all other blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rate of diffusion between two regions is governed by __________ |
|
Definition
Fick's Law of diffusion
R= D A (deltap)
_______
d |
|
|
Term
T/F
unicellular organisms can directly diffuse gas, but most multicellular animals require system adaption to enhance gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are specialized extension of tissue that project into water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| External gills are found in |
|
Definition
| immature fish and amphibians |
|
|
Term
| what are the two disadvantage of having external gills |
|
Definition
must constantly be moved to insure contact with O2 rich water
easily damaged |
|
|
Term
| where are the gills of the bony fishes located? |
|
Definition
| oral cavity and opercular cavities |
|
|
Term
| how do the oral and opercular cavities work? |
|
Definition
they function as pumps that alternately expand
moving water into the mouth, through the gills and out of the fish through the open operculum or gill cover |
|
|
Term
| how many gill arches are on each side of the fish's head |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do gill filaments consist of |
|
Definition
| lamellae, within each lamella blood flows opposite to direction of water movement |
|
|
Term
| why is countercurrent flow good |
|
Definition
| maximizes oxygenation of blood |
|
|
Term
| what do many amphibians use for gas exchange |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the respiratory system consisting of air ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spiracles (opening of exoskeleton) |
|
Definition
| can be opened or closed by valves |
|
|
Term
| gills were replaced in terrestrial animals because |
|
Definition
air is less supportive than water
water evaporates |
|
|
Term
| frogs have this type of breathing, force air into their lungs by creating a positive pressure in the buccal cavity |
|
Definition
| positive pressure breathing |
|
|
Term
reptiles have this type
expand rib cages by muscular contractions, creating lower pressure inside the lungs |
|
Definition
| negative pressure breathing |
|
|
Term
| what do the lungs of mammals have alot of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lungs of birds channel air through very tiny air vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
expand during inhalation, they take in air
when compressed during exhalation, they push air in and through lungs |
|
|
Term
| what are the two respiration cycles in birds also known as crosscurrent flow |
|
Definition
cycle one: inhaled air goes into posterior air sacs, exhaled into the lungs
cycle two: air drawn from the lungs into anterior air sacs, and exhaled through the trachea
|
|
|
Term
| after the o2 is unloaded to the tissues what carries away the deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outside of each lung is covered by |
|
Definition
| visceral pleural membrane |
|
|
Term
| the inner wall of the thoracic cavity is lined by |
|
Definition
| the parietal pleural membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space between the two membranes |
|
|
Term
| what muscle expands the ribcage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are the thorax and lungs have a degree of elasticity? |
|
Definition
| expansion during inhalation puts these structures under elastic tension |
|
|
Term
| volume of air moving in and out of lungs in a person at rest |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| max amount of air that can be expired after a forceful inspiration |
|
|
Term
| insufficient breathing because the blood has abnorally high Pco2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
excessive breathing
blood has abnormally low Pco2 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
alveolar wall breaks down and the lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli
lungs become less elastic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemogobin that loads up with oxygen in the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme carbonic anhydrase |
|
|
