Term
| how many organ systems are there? |
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Definition
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Definition
| protects the body and probides support for locomotion and movement. bones, skull, cartiledge, ligaments |
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Definition
transports oxygen, nutrients, and chemical signals to the cells of the body and removes carbon dioxide,chemical wastes and water.
Heart, blood vessels, and blood |
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Definition
releases hormones to coordinate and intergrates the activites of the body.
Pitutary, adrenal, ductless glands |
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Definition
captures oxygen and exchanges gases
lungs, trachea and other air passages |
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Definition
removes foreign bodies from the bloodstream using speacial cells.
Lymphocytes, macrophages, thymus, lymph nodes |
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Definition
coordinates the activites of the body
nerve, sense organs, brain and spinal chord |
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Definition
captures soluble nutrients from ingested food.
mouth, esophagus, stomach, instines |
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Definition
removes metabolic wastes from bloodstream
kidney, bladder and associated ducts |
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Definition
produces movement both within the body and of its limbs
steletal, cardiac and smooth |
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Definition
covers and protects the body
skin, hair, nails and sweat glands |
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Term
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Definition
| testies, overies, and associated structures |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of tissues that is for protections, sensory and secreation |
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Definition
| a type of tissues that is more immune defense, body support, storage and distribution |
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Definition
| a type of tissue for movement |
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Definition
| a type of tissue used for information transmission |
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Term
| What makes up a skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
striations on the outside, a nucleus that is pushed to the outside of the cell. It has a mitochondira, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofilaments of actin and myosin
and also myofibrilis |
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Term
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Definition
| a modified ER that is involved in the regulation of calcium ions in the muscle |
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Term
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Definition
contain actin and myosin;
when actin and myosin slide past one another, muscle contractions occur |
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Term
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Definition
| each muscle fiber contains this, which then contains many myofilaments |
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Definition
ex/ hamstring
retracting muscles |
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Definition
ex/ quadricepts
extend muscle |
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Definition
| dense connective tissue that strap the muscle onto the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle end attached by a tendon to a stationary bone |
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Term
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Definition
| the end attached to a bone that moves during muscle contraction |
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Term
| how do skeletal muscles work? |
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Definition
| bones pivot about flexible joints, pulled back and forth by attached muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| istead of the muscle shortening. it exerts force |
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Term
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Definition
| the muscle shortens, thus moving the bone |
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Definition
cells are long and spindle shaped and each contain a single nucleus. Microfilaments are loosely orginized.
They are found in the walls of blood vessels, stomach and intestines. |
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Definition
composed of chains of single cells each with its own nucleus.
Chains are interconnected, forming a lattice work. each heart cell is coupled to its neighbors by GAP JUNCTIONS. |
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Term
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Definition
| found in cardiac muscle, they allow electrical signals between celss, and cause orderly pulsation of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
produced by fusion of serveral cells at their ends. This creates a very long muscle biver that contains all the original nuclei.
Microfilaments and bunched together into myofibrils.
Found in voluntary muscles, power volumtary contractions |
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Term
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Definition
consists of 80 bones and supports the main body axis.
skull, backbone (spine), ribcage and vertebral column |
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Term
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Definition
consists of 126 bones, supports the arms and legs
pectorial girdle (the shoulders)
pelvic girdle (forms a bowl that provides strong connections for the legs) |
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Term
| What is the structure of the bone? |
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Definition
| bone is constantly being reconstructed, it consists of an outer layer called the "compact bone" that is very dense and an inner layer called the "spongy bone" that is less compact and has more open lattice structure. New blood cells form in the red marrow of spongy bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that secrete a matrix of collagen fibrils in the first stage of creating bones |
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Term
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Definition
| these are crystals of a calcium phosphate that impregnate the collagen fibrils in bone creation |
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Term
| central canal (Haversian canal) |
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Definition
| the narrow central channel that bone is laid down around in thin layers. this runs parallel to the bone |
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Term
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Definition
| in bone construction and remodeling, these secrete enzymes that digest the organic matrix of a bone, liberating calcium for reabsorbtion by the bloodstream. |
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Term
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Definition
| body mass index. body weight in kilograms, divided by your height in meters squared. 19 is the underwieght limit, 25 is the overwieght limit and 30 is the obese limit |
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Term
| What are the fuctions of the vertebrate circulatory system? |
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Definition
| Transportation: repiration: carries oxygen to cells for aerobic respirations, caries carbon dioxide to lungs for elimination. Nutritive: transport of absorbed products of digestion to cells. Excretory: metabolic wastes and excessive water are filtered through the kidneys. it also transports hormones from the endocrine gland to targets.;;; Regulation: Hormones again, help maintain a constant body temperture by having blood vessels constrict in the cold. finally protection by immune defense and blood clotting |
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Term
| Countercurrent heat exchange |
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Definition
| a way some vertebrates retain heat in a cold enviroment. vessels carry hot blood from deep in the body next to vessels carring colder blood. the warm blood flowing outward warms up the colder blood coming inward. |
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Term
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Definition
| a muscular pump that pushes blood through the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the blood leaves the heart through these, these are able to expand very well because blood comes from the heart in powerful pulses. These are a 3 layer structure, with endothelial cells in the center covered with an elastic layer. Next is a layer of smooth muscle which is then protected by a protective layer of connective tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| from the arteries, the blood is passed to a smaller network of arteries. These differ from arteries because they are smaller and they are connected to hormones and nerves and so can be constricted in times of stress or low temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| this is where oxygen and food molecules are transfered from the blood to the body's cells and where waste carbon dioxide is picked up. The walls are thin and allow for diffusion to take place. although they connect the arterioles to venules, there dense net-like disign slows down the blood pressure, otherwise they would burst |
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Term
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Definition
| capillary beds can be opened or closed based on the physiological needs of the tissues. these are the small circular muscles that can contract or relax to do this |
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Term
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Definition
| receive blood from the capilarries and are small veins |
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Term
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Definition
| these are vessels that return blood to the heart. Because blood is not as pressurized by the time the blood reaches this, the viens are much thinner. When a vien is open it will collapse. Skeletal muscles help move blood by squeezing the vien when contracting. |
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Term
| where does gas exchange between the blood and body occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why doesn't blood flow in both directions within a vien |
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Definition
| because the blood is trying to move the blood back to the heart. The muscle's help with this movement and the unidirection valves catch it. |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex soulution of water with three substances in it: Metabolites and wastes (glucose, vitamines, hormones and waste), Salts and Ions ( Soidum, chloride, bicarbonate) Protiens (act as an osmotic counterforce, serum albumin, antibodies) |
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Term
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Definition
| blood is plasma and 8 different types of cells that are used for different things |
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Term
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Definition
| cell in the blood used for O2 and CO2 trasport |
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Term
| Trace the wave of depolarization through the heart. |
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Definition
| sinoatrial node (R Atrium)---> AV node ----> bundle of his ----> fibers ---> ventricles |
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Term
| What is the flow of blood through the human body? |
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Definition
| heart---> arteries ----> arteroles ---> capellaries ----> venules ---> veins ---> heart |
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Term
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Definition
the cells in blood that that work on the immune system and can be called white blood cells
(neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils,monocytes, and lymphocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in blood that create blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| the site where each heartbeat originates. This spontaneously depolarizes that spreads to the atria causing them to contract |
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Term
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Definition
the fraction of blood volume that is occupied by cells
humans ~45% |
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Term
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Definition
| this is where the lungs are and are connected bythe bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the air tube that connects each lung to the trachea. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the long tube that passes upward and opens into the rear of the mouth that is connected to the lungs by the bronchi |
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Term
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Definition
| the area where the air breathed through the nostrils is warmed and moistened and filtered |
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Term
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Definition
| the voice box, recieves air from the nasal cavity before sending the air to the trachea |
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Term
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Definition
| the flap that keeps food from going into the trachea, by covering the trachea when we swallow |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a grape like structure in the lungs where all gas exchanges between air and blood occur |
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Term
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Definition
| a very thin smooth membrane that covers the lungs and sticks to a second pleural membrane that keeps the lungs in place |
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Term
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Definition
| bounds the thorcic cavity on the bottom and is a thick layer of muscle, this seperates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal one |
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Term
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Definition
| nostril- nasal cavity- pharynx- epiglottis- larynx- trachea- bronchi- lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| before we inhale the pruessure in the lungs equals the pressure outside the body. when we inhale the diaphram drops and the pressure inside the body is less than the pressure outside of the body . when we exhale the diaphram relaxes and the increased pressure forces the air out |
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Term
| where in the lung does gas exchange occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what gases are transported by red blood cells? |
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Definition
| oxygen, CO2, bicarbonate, NO |
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Term
| What part of Oxygen attaches to hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| the Iron attaches to the oxygen in a backwards way |
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Term
| what does nitric oxide do in the circulatory system? |
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Definition
| it causes the dialation of blood vessels and thus regulates blood flow and blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| R atrium- R ventricule- lungs- L atrium- L ventricule- body |
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Term
| how many calories per gram do fats have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many calories per gram do protiens have? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many calories per gram do carbohydrates have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| essential organic substances required in small amounts, we require at least 13 different vitamines |
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Term
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Definition
| humans are unable to sythesize 8 of the 20 amino acids used to make protiens. Therefore to get these we must eat them |
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Definition
| minerals required in small amounts such as iodine,zinc, manganese |
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Definition
eat plants exclusively
ex/ cows/horses/rabbits/sparrows |
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Definition
eat meat exclusively
ex/ cats/eagles/trout/frogs |
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Definition
| animals that eat both plants and meat such as humans, pigs, bears and crows |
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Term
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Definition
| this is a secretory cell in the stomach that secretes hydochloric acid |
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Term
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Definition
| secretory cell found in the stomach that secretes pepsinogen |
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Term
| where does digestion occur? |
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Definition
| the mouth, stomach and small intestines |
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Term
| where does MOST of digestion and absorption take place |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| villi line the side of the small intestines. They are fine fingerlike projections. They increase the absorption surface of the lining of the small intestines. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is where undigested food is compacted and made into feces |
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Term
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Definition
| an accessory digestive organ that is a large gland that is situated near the junction of the stomach and small intestines. It secretes fluid into the duodenum. it helps regulate blood sugar by holding the islets of langerhans. helps nuterlize HCI as food leaves the stomach. cell clusters called acini secrete |
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Term
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Definition
| an accessory digestive organ, largest internal organ. this secretes bile. it converts toxics into less toxic stuff |
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Term
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Definition
| an accessory digestive organ that stores and concentrates bile and delivers it to the duodenum via the bile duct |
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Term
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Definition
| This is located in the pancrease and regulates blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| is released when blood sugar is high to pull the sugar out and store it |
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Term
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Definition
| released when blood sugar is low and tells the body to take sugar out of reserve and put it back into the body |
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Term
| trace the path of food through the digestive system |
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Definition
| mouth- pharynx- esophagus- stomach- small intestines- large intestines- rectum- anus |
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Term
| Why is the mammalian kidney so cool? What does it do? |
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Definition
It is the most efficent at conserving water. It has roughly 1 million nephrons that are composed into three regions
1)filter: Bowmans capsule
2) tube: loop of helena that is connected to bowmans capsule
3) duct: collecting duct that operates as a water conservation device |
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Term
| Tuberculosis (consumption) |
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Definition
Bacteria, mycobac-T. Mostly occurs in the lungs. blood cough/poor appetite/pale/fever. This is spread via spit sputum.
Diagnosis: chest xray, physical, skin test, blood smear, blood test
treatment: antiboitics (Gram +) |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary genetic desease. Autosomal resessive.
Symptoms: diffiulty creating sweat, overproduction of mucus, difficulty breathing, stunted growth, dierreah, infertility and early death.
diagnosis: sweat testing (sweat will have increased sodium and chlorine), genetic testing
treatment: antibiotics, lung transplant, inhalers |
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Term
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Definition
genetic blood disorder. autosomal resessive.
Symptoms:
not a lot of red blood cells, circulation probelms, sometimes no symptoms, xtreme anemia, xteme fatigue, death
caused by mutations in hemoglobin genes
treatment: drugs, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant. |
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Term
| Blood flow and blood pressure are regulated by the amount of _____ released into the blood stream |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle cells are unique because of contractible protien fiber called ______ within them. |
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Definition
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Definition
| a type of blood cell used for immune defense |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood cell used for defense against parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood cell responsible for inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| a blood cell used for immune surveillance |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cell used for Antibody production |
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Term
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Definition
| blood cell used for cellular immune response |
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