Term
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Definition
- ligament that extends from the inguinal region to the tail of the epididymis.
- shotrens, pulling the testes through the inguinal canal into the scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
- tube that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the vas deferens
-sperm mature here |
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Term
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Definition
- hidden testicle(one hidden = unilateral cryptochidism, two = bilateral)
- the animal still acts as a male would, but is sterile
- this is not a repaired because it is hereditary |
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Term
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Definition
- within the testes they produce the spermatozoa
-convuluted tubules within the testes |
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Term
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Definition
(AKA interstitial cells)
-located in the testes inbetween the seminferious tubules
- produce testosterone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Tube that transports mature semen from the tail of the epidymis, past the accessory sex glands to the urethra |
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Term
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Definition
| - bulbourethral gland; the gland that release seminal fluid (the fluid cleans the urethra and neutralizes acidity for the protection of the sperm) |
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Term
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Definition
| - S curve in the penis taht allows for elongation of straightening of penis; found in the bull, ram, boar |
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Term
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Definition
| - found in the aves class, used as a common junction for the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems through the vent. |
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Term
| Basic Overview of the male reproductive system |
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Definition
1) before parturition, the testes drop from through the inguinal canal into the gubernaculum. When a teste does not drop, that is called cryptorchidism. (one=unilateral; two=bilateral)
2) In the testes, sperm is produced in the seminiferious tubules
3) Inbetween the tubules,leydig cells produce testosterone
4) The epididymis stores, concentrates,and matures the sperm, it then transports the sperm to the accessory the sex glands for seminal fluid
5) Vas Deferens transport semen from the tail of the epididymis past the accessory sex glands; these accessory glands are the Cowper's Gland, the prostate, and the seminal vesicles
6) For copulation, the penis is lengthened by the sigmiod flexure. (NOTE: in horses, blood pumped to the penis, not a sigmoid flexure, allows for copulation) |
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Term
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Definition
| Singular term for the female gamete, aka the egg. Plural is ova |
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Term
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Definition
- near the surface of teh ovary and acts as the functional layer
- contains all the ovarian follicles and cells that produce ovarian hormones |
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Term
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Definition
- a mature follicle
- filled with estrogen-rich fluid; referred to a as a blister, formed by influence of FSH |
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Term
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Definition
- major female sex hormone
- produced by the ovaries
- responsible for outward signs of heat or estrous |
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Term
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Definition
| - release of the ovum from the ovary |
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Term
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Definition
- AKA the yellow body
- temporary structure formed on the ovary after ovulation
- needed to maintain pregnancy
- secretes progesterone |
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Term
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Definition
- funnel-shaped opening of the fallopian tubes/oviduct
- close to ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Site of fertilization (in most species); aka oviduct |
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Term
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Definition
NOTE: difference from estrous
- aka heat
- time that female is receptive to mating |
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Term
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Definition
- hairlike projections on the infundibulum
- helps guide the ovulated ovum into the fallopian tube |
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Term
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Definition
| union of a sperm and ovum |
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Term
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Definition
- Fetal membrane
- Formes placentomes by joining with the maternal caruncles of the uterus |
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Term
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Definition
- located in the uterus
- during pregnancy, increase to the size of about a half dollar
- about 70-120 in a cow |
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Term
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Definition
| - formed from the caruncles and cotelydons coming together and joining like buttons |
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Term
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Definition
| - another term for pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| - another term for giving birth |
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Term
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Definition
- birth canal and site of semen deposit during natural breeding
- homologous to the glans penis in the male |
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Term
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Definition
| Area common to both the reproductive and urinary systems in mammals |
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Term
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Definition
(Avian)
Part of the oviduct that secretes albumen, the white of the egg |
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Term
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Definition
(Avain)
- thin coat of albumen-like substance secreted over the shell while in the vagina |
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Term
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Definition
(Avian)
Common site of excretion of egg and feces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Animal produced by the mixing of two or more cell populations or the grafting of an embryonic part of one animal onto the embryo of another |
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Term
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Definition
- period of sexual inactivity
- females are not receptive to males |
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Term
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Definition
(Mammals)
- where the embryo attaches
- consists of two horns
(Avian)
- location of the egg shell gland
- only left horn is developed |
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Term
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Definition
| - indictation of estrus in mares |
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Term
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Definition
"Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin"
- produced in endometrial cups
- involved in placental attachment in mares |
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Term
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Definition
| One birth per gestation (though multiples can occur) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Having given birth once, or currently giving birth for the first time |
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Term
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Definition
| Having two or more pregnancies that resulted in birth |
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Term
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Definition
| Having more than one estrous cycle in a year |
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Term
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Definition
| Cycle of reproductive changes, as related to hormonal fluctuations, between two periods of estrus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- "fight-or-flight" that is excreted during times of stress
- counteracts oxytocin |
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Term
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Definition
"Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone"
- controls the release of FSH and LH |
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Term
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Definition
| "follicle stimulating hormone" and "lutenizing hormone" |
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Term
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Definition
- Produced by the Corpus Lutem (CL)
- maintains pregnancy and prevents further heats |
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Term
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Definition
| A difficult or abnormal parturition |
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Term
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Definition
| The season for breeding most goats and sheep |
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Term
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Definition
| - sensory and erectile organ in females; homologous to the glans penis |
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Term
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Definition
| Cell formed by union of an ovum and a sperm |
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Term
| Labia (minora and majora) |
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Definition
- fold in the vulva
- homologous to the prepuce and the scrotum |
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Term
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Definition
- Proestrus
- begins with the regression of the corups lutem and an increase in FSH
- the follicle grows and makes estrogen, which starts estrus
- Estrus
- Can now note outward signs of estrus
- female is receptive to the male (only time)
- Metestrus
- Begins as ovulation commences
- 90% of cows will bleed during this time, though it is not the same as menstration in humans nor does it garuntee pregnancy
- CL is formed
- Diestrus
- CL forms
- Increase in progesterone levels
- culminates with regression of CL |
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Term
| Estrous Cycle lengths in Farm Animals |
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Definition
Species; Length of Cycle; Duration of Estrus
Ewe; 16-17 days; 24-36 hours
Cow; 18-24 (21) days; 18-19 hours
Sow; 19-20 days; 48-72(48) hours
Doe (goat); 21 days; 32-40 hours
Mare; 19-25 days; 4-8 (5) days
Bitch; 6-12 months; 5-19 (9) days
Doe (rabbit); 15-16 days; 12 days |
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Term
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Definition
Proestrus: 3-4 days, FSH, Follicle Growth
Esturs: 12-18 hours, Estrogen, Signs of heat
Metestrus: 3-4 days, LH, CL formation
Diestrus: 12-15 days, Progesterone, CL function |
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Term
Description of Ovarian Follicles:
Primary
Secondary
Teritary
Graafian
Ateric
Corpus Lutem
Corpus Albicans
Primary
Secondary
Teritary |
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Definition
Primary - Centrally located oocyte, surrounded by a single layer of granulosa cells
Secondary - two+ layers of granulosa cells
Teritary - Antrum seperated from the vascular theca, filling with estrogen-rich fluid
Graafian - blister-like structure full of follicular fluid
Corpus lutem - yellow body made up of luteal tissue, secretes progesterone, necessary to maintain pregnancy
Corpus Albican - white fiborous tissue formed from CL |
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Term
| Average life of ovum in cattle |
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Definition
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Term
| Viabilty of chicken sperm after insemination |
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Definition
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Term
| Lengths of Gestation in Domestics |
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Definition
Cattle 282 days
Sheep 145-150 days
Goat 145-150 days
Mare 337 days
Sow 114 days
Bitch 63-64 days
Women 266 days
Queen 63 days
Elephant 600-660 days
Rabbit 28-35 days
Llama 340-345 days |
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Term
| Average Nidation for cattle, sheep, pigs, and horses |
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Definition
Cattle 30-35 days
Sheep 30 days
Pigs 18-24 days
Horses 24-40 days |
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Term
| Basic information for female anatomy in mammals |
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Definition
1) Ovaries produce follicles; the parenchyma contains all the ovarian follicles and the cells that produce ovarian hormones
2) Graafian follicle is produces and goes through infundibulum and through the oviduct; release activated by FSH from the pituitary
- Graafian also contains estrogen
3) Pituitary release LH, which bursts graafian, thus releasing the egg
4) CL is formed from follicel
5) When egg is fertilized, CL produces progesterone
6) Egg attachs to uterine walls to develop; achieved by placentome formation of the caruncles and cotelydons (NOTE: In mares, attachement occurs with endometrial cups)
7)Cervix creates plug to seal off uterus, the breakage of this plug could result in abortion
8) When ready for parturition, fetus produces cortisol to aid in birth and utuerus expels fetus
9) If the ovum is NOT fertilized, prostaglandin is released to regress the CL
10) CL degrades into the corpus albicans |
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Term
| Basic Hen Reproductive Anatomy |
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Definition
1) After the yolk has been ovulated, the infundibulum picks it up
2) while travling through the magnum, about the middle of the oviduct, albumen is secreted over the yolk
3) Ismuth secretes shell membranes
4) The uterus/shell gland, secretes the shell which is made up primarily of calcum carbonate
5) The vagina, directly next to the cloaca, stores the egg until the shell is fully formed and the cuticle, a very thin coat of albumin-like substance, is secreted over it.
6) estrogen enlarges the vent for laying
7) fully formed egg is expelled from the vent |
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Term
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Definition
A form of pregnancy diagnosis where one inserts the arm into the rectum to feel for the reproductive tract. There are four methods of rectal diagnosis:
1) Fetal membrane slip, best performed at about 30-35 days; should only be done by a highly qualified professional
2) Uterine Size Increase, at 45 days, the gravid uterine horn is enlarged with a thinner wall; evenmore dangerous than fetal membrane slip
3) Cotyledons, 90 days - l inch, 120 days - 1.5 inches
4) Miduterine Artery, increase in size to accomdate fetus; at around 90 days, it is about 1/8 to 5/16 of an inch |
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Term
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Definition
| Can be used to diagnose pregnancy; used on smaller farm animals, dogs and cats |
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Term
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Definition
| another common form of pregnancy diagnosis, most known for use on humans, but can also be used on mares, ewes, does, llamas, sows, dogs and cats |
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Term
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Definition
Another method of pregnancy Diagnosis; Four Souces:
1)Milk, used in dairy cattle - Progesterone levels in the milk, cna give false positive
2) Blood - Also used for progesterone levels; can also give false positive, though not as likely as milk assays
3) Urine - still experimental
4) Saliva - possible, but not practical in livestock
[ 5) vaginal biopsy - only useful with pocket animals; determined by decreased size of epithelium] |
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Term
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Definition
| A more rural form of diagnosis, can only be done during the later stages of pregnancy. (remember the short jab) |
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Term
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Definition
| Measure ECF (early conception factor), can identify 94% of non-pregnant cows |
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Term
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Definition
- Done by putting a rod into the rectum to push the fetus against the abdominal wall.
- rabbits can be palpatated at 10 days and ewes after 65 |
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Term
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Definition
- first done by Dr. L. Spallazani in 1780
- Used to increase quality of horses in 1899 by E. I Ivanhoff
- most common form of AI is rectovaginal cervical fixation method |
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Term
| Rectovaginal Cervical Fixation Method |
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Definition
| The cervix is manipulated through the rectum; the cervix is slid over the tube to guide it into the uterus for deposit |
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Term
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Definition
- semen is collected using an artificial vagina and stored in French straws
- NOTE: boar semen is stored in pellets
- Quality is determined by concentrations, using spectrophotometer
- process of AI use of semen began in 1972 |
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Term
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Definition
- Inject an animals to make her superovulate, on average 6-8 eggs instead of one, but can be up to 20-30
- Artificially inseminate the animal with semen
- Inject a saline solution; fetuses are floated into collecting cylinders (known as embryo flushing; DO NOT confues with flushing, the process of fattening a female prior to breeding)
-embryos can now be transferred into other females; when doen fresh, about 65% chance of implantation and when frozen, 60% |
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Term
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Definition
| - Embryo is split with blade 7 days after fertilization - the halves turn into identical calves |
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Term
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Definition
| In 1997, Dr. Wilmut of Scotland successfully turned a somatic cell into an sheep embryo. |
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Term
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Definition
- allows natural hormones to be produced in large quantities
- used to produce interferon, which combats shipping fever in cattle
- condemned by HSUS |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the field of genetics that specializes in genetically manipulated organisms; the field that uses recombinant DNA. Currently being tested for possible improvements in cattle hormone production. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within an artificial environment or outside the living body |
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Term
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Definition
| deoxyribonucleic acid; a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of the cell formed from nucleotides and shaped in a double helix. Unique to each individual, containing all of there genetic information |
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Term
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Definition
| The transplant of organs between species. ('xeno' translates to foreign) |
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Term
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Definition
| Related to the animal rights belief that every living thing has rights, including animals. |
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Term
Age of Puberty for Livestock
(cattle, sheep, horse, swine, goat, rabbit, chicken)
[male (months), female (months), female weight (kg)] |
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Definition
Species Males Females Weight for Females
Cattle 10-12 8-18 160-270
Sheep 4-9 5-10 27-34
Horse 13-18 12-15 varies by breed
Swine 5-8 4-7 68-90
Goat 3-5 5-7 10-30
Rabbit 4-8 3-4 ----
Chicken 22-26 22-26 ---- |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein hormone responsible for milk production |
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Term
PGF2a
(pretend that the 'a' is a sub note of an alpha...) |
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Definition
| Prostaglandin F2-alpha; In cattle, pigs, and goats, rises in fetal cortisol levels cause the release of PGF2{alpha} from the uterus - this causes the CL to regress and the beginning of parturition. |
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