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| Wrote Leviathan, thought that people by nature were greedy and prone to violent warfare. |
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| Wrote Two Treatises on Government, mankind was good |
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| took the social contract theory to its furthest extreme, all men are equal, society should be ruled by the people, wrote The Social Contract |
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| wanted religious toleration |
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| Wanted seperation of powers among branches of government |
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| guidelines to the ideals of tolerance, justice, and improvement of people’s lifestyle |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| the head of the royal family |
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| 1497 – rounded the Cape of Good Hope, explored the east African kingdoms, and then went all the way to India |
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1492 – convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to finance a voyage to reach the east by going west. |
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established a line of demarcation on a longitudinal line that runs through the western Atlantic Ocean
East – Portugal
West – Spain |
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sailed to South America 1500, America was named after him. |
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| 1513 explored Florida for Spain in search of the fountain of youth |
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| 1513 explored Central American for Spain |
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| 1519 sailed around South America to the Pacific Ocean for Portugal, died in the Philippines, crew continued |
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1524 explored the North American coast for France |
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1578 first Englishman to circumnavigate to the globe |
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| 1597 explored the coast of North America for England |
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1609 sailed for the Dutch looking for a northwest passage to Asia |
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| China (Han Dynasty) allowed for better navigation and control of ships of increasing size |
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allowed ships to sail in any direction regardless of the wind |
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| portable navigation device, measured the distance from the sun and the stars |
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| (Chinese) allowed to determine direction without land |
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| large ships had large sails, good for longer journeys |
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| 1519 landed in Mexico, Aztec Empire |
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| Aztec ruler; thought Cortes was a god |
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1531 set out in search of the Incas |
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Spanish officials sent to govern the colonies |
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born in the colonies to Spanish parents |
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European and native American ancestry |
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| European and African ancestry |
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| appointed governors of each of the 5 regions of new Spain |
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| foods, animals, and resources were transferred between Europe and the Americas |
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| an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, thereby distributing the costs and risks of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors |
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| England, monopolized trade routes to Russia |
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controlled routes to the Spice Islands |
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| a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported |
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| King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella |
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| initiated the consolidation of Spanish authority under one house, and created a nation-state that would become one of the world’s most powerful forces over the next century |
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| a family that originated in Austria and created a huge empire stretching from Austria and Germany to Spain |
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controlled Austria and the Holy Roman throne of Germany |
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throne of Spain and jurisdiction over Burgundy, Sicily, and the Netherlands and Portugal |
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nullified the pope’s authority in England |
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| Henry’s daughter, golden age of arts known as Elizabethan Age |
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boasted commercial expansion and exploration and colonization in the New World |
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| attempted to institute reforms to accommodate the Catholics and the Puritans |
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| refused to pay tribute to the Mongols and declared Russia free of Mongol rule |
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established absolute rule in Russia |
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| Ivan was a strong leader and became known as that |
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1604-1613 battle over who should rule the empire |
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1682-1725 ruled, westernize Russia
Built Russia’s first navy and founded St. Petersburg (“Window to the West”) |
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1762-1796
more enlightened policies of education and western culture |
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