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| Family in Florence that not only ruled the great city and beyond, but turned it into a showcase of architecture and beauty by acting as patron for some of the greatest artists of the time |
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| A great Sculptor of the Renaissance |
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| A great architect of the renaissance |
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| Famous artist of the renaissance who depicted the human figure as realistically as possible, rather than flat, stiff, and out of proportion |
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| Famous artist and sculpter of the renaissance who depicted the human figure as realistically as possible, rather than flat, stiff, and out of proportion |
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| Dutch brothers who adopted the naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as portraitists |
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| German painter who adopted the naturalism of the Italian painters and gained fame as portraitists |
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| invented the prnting press in the mid 1400s |
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| Spurred literacy by allowing mass text to be published in multiple languages, the first moveable type in Europe |
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| published The Prince (a how-to book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power) in 1517 |
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| Wrote In Praise of Folly, which satirized what he thought were the most foolish political moves to date |
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| Wrote Utopia, which described an ideal society, in which everyone shared the wealth, and everyones needs were met |
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| wrote works which exemplified humanism in the extreme (focusing on character strengths/flaws, comedy/tragedy), and also illustrated the era's obsession with the politics of mythology of classical civilization |
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| A piece of paper that the faithful could purchase to reduce time in purgatory |
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| German Monk who nailed a list of 95 theses on a church door, outlining his frustrations with current Church practices (such as selling indulgences, which he said amounted to selling salvation for profit) |
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| Outraged by Martin Luther's claims, and demanded that he recant his theses |
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| The followers of Martin Luther |
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| Frenchman who Led a powerful Protestant group by preaching an ideology of predestination |
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| the theological system associated with the Reformer John Calvin that emphasizes the rule of God over all things as reflected in its understanding of Scripture, God, humanity, salvation, and the church. |
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| Renounced Rome and declared himself as the head of religious affairs in England |
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| Created by King Henry VIII when he denounced rome, declaring himself the head of religious affairs in England. Also known as the Anglican Church |
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| an attempt by Martin Luther to reform the Roman Catholic Church that resulted in a schism, and grew into a wider movement. |
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| Period in which the Catholic Church itself reformed, while also succeeding in winning back some of the souls it had lost to the fledgling Protestant domination |
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| Synonymous to Catholic Reformation |
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| founded the society of Jesuits |
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| practiced self-control and moderation, believing that prayer and good works led to salvation. |
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| A group of church officials presiding over the counter reform period from 1545 to 1563. |
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| developed a mathematical theory that asserted that the Earth and other celestial bodies revolved around the sun and that the Earth rotated on its axis daily. |
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| published Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World in 1632 in Italian, in order to reach a wider audience |
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| a list of banned heretical works, where Galileo's was astonishingly placed until 1822 |
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| built an observatory and recorded his observations |
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| Published works on inductive logic |
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| developed laws of planetary motion based on observation and mathematics |
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| Developed the law of gravity, and invented calculus to help prove the theories of other scientists and mathematicians in The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy |
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| people who believe no god exists |
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| People who believe god exists, but plays a passive role in life |
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| wanted religious toleration |
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| argued for separation of powers among branches |
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| Son of James I, who inherited the throne of England; signed the petition of Right in desperation for money |
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| a document limiting taxes and forbidding unlawful imprisonment (signed by Charles I) |
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| Parliament led by puritans, which Charles was forced to call after a Scottish invasion. Sat for 20 years, and limited the absolute powers of the monarchy |
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| Lead The Roundheads, the army raised by Parliament |
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| Oliver Cromwell rose to power as a Lord Protector of this |
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| The gaining of the throne back into the family of Charles I (Given, with oaths, to Charles II by Parliament) |
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| Protects people from arrests without due process |
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| A bloodless change of leadership in which James II was driven away, and replaced by his son-in-law and daughter, William and Mary |
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| Promptly signed by William and Mary |
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| a group of french Protestants who developed sizable and influential minority in the Protestant revolution |
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| Issued the Edict of Nantes |
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| created an environment of toleration |
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| a catholic who played an important role as the chief advisor to the Bourbons |
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| Successor of Richelieu who established prepared France to hold the strong position it would achieve in Europe under Louie IX |
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| Inherited the crown at age four |
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| Appointed by Louis XIV to manage the royal funds |
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| The War of Spanish Succession |
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| Proved to be a disaster for the grand plans of France |
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| Grandson of Louie XIV, who ruled Spain |
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| 1555, intended to bring an end to the constant conflicts between Catholics and Protestants that engulfed the region during the reformation and other counter-reformation |
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| began in 1618 when the Protestant territories in Bohemia challenged the authority of the Holy Roman Empire |
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| negotiated in 1648, bringing an end to the Thirty Years War. |
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