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| the mechanism of evolutionary change first articulated by Darwin; refers to genetic change or changes in the frequencies of certain traits in population due to differential reproductive success between individuals. |
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| (binomnial meaning "two names") in taxonomy, the convention established by Carolus Linnaeus whereby genus and species names are used to refer to species. For example, Homo sapiens refers to human beings. |
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| the branch of science concentrated with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships. |
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| the view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events. this view was promoted by Cuvier, especially in opposition to Lamarck. |
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| the number of offspring an individual produces and rears to reproductive age; an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation. |
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| forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals. |
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| pertaining to natural selection, a measure of relative reproductive success of individuals. fitness can be measured by an individual's genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals. the term genetic fitness, reproductive fitness, and differential reproductive success are also used. |
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| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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| the double-stranded molecule that contains the genetic code. |
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| the entire genetic makeup of an individual or species. |
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What are the 4 Fields of Anthropology?
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biological anthropology, cultural anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and archaeology.
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any of a taxonomic tribe (Hominini) of hominids that includes recent humans together with extinct ancestral and related forms |
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describes cultural behaviors and biological factors influence to human evolution
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is the change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Is a term which means all species remained unchanged throughout the history of the earth. This belief is generally not accepted by all.
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born on 12 February 1809
initially planned to follow a medical career
later switched to divinity at Cambridge. In 1831, he joined a five year scientific expedition on the survey ship HMS Beagle.
breakthrough in his ideas came in the Galapagos Islands, 500 miles west of South America. |
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| An intrepid explorer and brilliant naturalist, Alfred Russel Wallace co-published the theory of evolution by natural selection with Charles Darwin. |
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| a French naturalist. He was a soldier, biologist,academic, and an early proponent of the idea that evolutionoccurred and proceeded in accordance with natural laws. |
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| is one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus |
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| Situation in which two different alleles (typicaly both recessive genes) for a genetic trait are both expressed. |
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| is the genetic makeup of a cell, an organism, or an individual usually with reference to a specific characteristic under consideration |
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Heterozygous refers to having two different alleles for a single trait.
The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A heterozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (Rr). |
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Homozygous refers to having identical alleles for a single trait.
Example:
The gene for seed shape in pea plants exists in two forms, one form or allele for round seed shape (R) and the other for wrinkled seed shape (r). A homozygous plant would contain the following alleles for seed shape: (RR) or (rr). |
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| Is a grand scale — what we see when we look at the over-arching history of life: stability, change, lineages arising, and extinction. |
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mosquitoes have evolved in response to global warming, and insects have evolved resistance to our pesticides. These are all examples of microevolution — evolution on a small scale.
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those traits which follow Mendel’s rules of only 2 possible versions (1 dominant, 1 recessive) |
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| is a term used in some literature[1] to describe the belief that human behavior is controlled solely by an individual's genes or some component of physiology. |
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Biological Species Concept
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| A biological species is a group of individuals which can breed together (panmixia). However, they cannot breed with other groups. In other words, the group is reproductively isolated from other groups. |
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| are a group of animals that includes more than 75,000 living species. Chordates are divided into three basic groups: vertebrates, tunicates, lancelets. Of these, the vertebrates—lampreys, mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles and fishes—are the most familiar and are the group to which humans belong. |
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| is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are grouped together based on whether or not they have one or more shared unique characteristics that come from the group's last common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors. |
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| a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in an ecosystem. |
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| the cladistic term for Convergent evolution describes the independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages. |
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s a phenotypic difference between males and females of the same species, meaning that there are obvious differences between the male and female of the species.
different organs, heights, behavior, in birds their colorful wings |
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| Is the evolutionary process by which new biologicalspecies arise. |
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| is the study of decaying organisms over time and how they may become fossilized. |
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| the entire way of life of an organism; where it lives, what it eats, how it gets food, how it avoids predators, etc. |
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| members of a suborder of Primates, the Anthropoidea. traditionally, the suborder includes monkeys, apes, and humans. |
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| having a diet consisting of many kinds of foods, such as plant materials (seeds, fruits, leaves), meat, and insects. |
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| the condition whereby visual images are, to varying degrees, superimposed on one another. this provides depth perception, or the perception of the external environment in three dimensions. stereoscopic vision is partly a function of structures in the brain. |
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| tree-living; adapted to life in the trees. (some monkeys) |
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| the elevated portions (bumps) on the chewing surfaces of premolar and molar teeth. |
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| Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion; the basic mammalian (and primate) form of locomotion. |
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| a form of locomotion in which the body is suspended beneath the hands and support is alternated from one forelimb to the other; arm swinging. |
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| the study of the evolution of behavior, emphasizing the role of ecological factors as agents of natural selection. behaviors and behavioral patterns hae been favored because they increase the reproductive fitness of individuals (i.e., they are adaptive) in specific environmental contexts. |
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| systems of social organization wherein individuals within a group are ranked relative to one another. higher-ranking animals have greater access to preferred food items than lower-ranking individuals. sometimes called "pecking orders." |
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| any act that conveys information, in the form of a message, to another individual. frequently, the result of communication is a change in the behavior of the recipient. communication may not be deliberate but may instead be the result of involuntary processes or a secondary consequence of an intentional action. |
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| sequences of repetitious behaviors that serve to communicate emotional states. nonhuman primates displays are most frequently associated with reproductive or agonistic behavior. |
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refers to the fact that organisms are related through common ancestry and that behaviors and traits seen in one species are also seen in other to varying degrees. when expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they are said to exist on a continuum. color is such a phenomenon. |
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| a subfamily of the Old World monkey family that includes 59 species in 10genera, including the black-and-white colobus, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the gray langurs. |
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Almost all mammals have four kinds of teeth this is a summary of a mammal's teeth. incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.
Aslo:
one side of the mouth, or quadrant, with the upper and lower teeth shown on separate rows. |
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| A thickened piece of skin found on the buttocks of animals, especially the baboon...nasty ass |
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| is the common name for the primates of the subfamily Lorisinae in the family Lorisidae. Loris is one genus in this subfamily and includes the slender lorises, while Nycticebus is the genus containing the slow lorises. |
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"belonging to the nose"; plural: rhinaria is the moist, naked surface around the nostrils of the nose in most mammals.
(a dogs soft wet nose) |
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| is the study of human activity in the past, primarily through the recovery and analysis of the material cultureand environmental data that they have left behind |
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| something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or a work of art, esp an object of archaeological interest |
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| Is organic material found at an archaeological site that carries archaeological significance. Biofacts are natural objects found with artifacts or features[1] such as big horn sheep bones, charcoal, plants, and pollen. |
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| A feature is a collection of one or more contexts representing some human non-portable activity roads, ruins of buildings, the pirimids etc.. |
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| Are events in time which have been preserved in the archaeological record. Thecutting of a pit or ditch in the past is a context, whilst the material filling it will be another. Multiple fills, seen as layers in archaeological section would mean multiple contexts. |
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| Is the chronology of the ownership, custody or location of a historical object. |
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| a classification according to general type, especially in archaeology, psychology, or the social sciences. |
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