Term
| Tinbergen's four questions |
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Definition
| causation, development, function, evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| what external environmental factors lead to behavior? |
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Term
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Definition
| how does behavior change with age development? |
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Term
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Definition
| how does behavior contribute to survival and reproduction? |
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Term
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Definition
| when during the course of evolution did this behavior evolve? |
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Term
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Definition
| distance moved in a day from sleep site to sleep site |
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Term
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Definition
area covered during normal movements and activities
-determined by group size, body size, feeding behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| most intensively used part of a home range |
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Term
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Definition
-defended home range
-requires competition
-exclusive use of space is ecological consequence of territoriality, but other behavioral mechanisms can lead to non-overlapping ranges btwn conspecifics (avoidance behaviors) |
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Term
| factors influencing variation in home range size |
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Definition
| body size, feeding behavior, group size |
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Term
| threats to primate populations |
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Definition
-HUNTING, DEFORESTATION, LIVE CAPTURE FOR RESEARCH
-hunting for food -bushmeat trade -skins/trophies -poaching -capture for research -slash and burn agriculture -human population growth -catastrophes -disease -demographic considerations (long interbirth intervals, low infant survivorship) |
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Term
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Definition
| -produce gametes or sperm that are tiny, mobile and consist of little more than a piece of self-propelled DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| -produce large, immobile, food-rich gametes called eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| effects of "a struggle between individuals of one sex, generally the males, for possession of the other sex" |
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Term
| types of sexual selection |
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Definition
-intrasexual selection: favors ability of one sex (usually male) to compete directly with one another for fertilizations, for example by fighting
-intersexual selection: favors traits in one sex which attract other sex |
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Term
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Definition
-variance in reproductive success between the sexes is related to diff gametic investments. females make large contributions to eggs relative to males, who invest little in sperm
-females form a limiting resource in terms of reproduction, so males compete among themselves for mates |
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Term
| sexual selection and potential rates of reproduction by males/females |
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Definition
-virutally all females reproduce, more variance in male reproduction
-if males invest more than females: -males more discriminating sex, -fem/fem competition for male access, -greater variance in reproduction among females than males |
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Term
| solutions to reduce population threats |
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Definition
-ecotourism (humans and animals live together, education)
-2000 Apes Conservation Act
-curtailing trade through captive breeding programs and rehab centers
-IUCN(international union for the conservation of nature)
-education |
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Term
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Definition
-two or more males mate w/ single female and collaborate to raise offspring
-occurs in groups lacking older offspring (monogamy would occur where a sufficient number of older offspring remain to help) |
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Term
| why is polygyny common in primates? |
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Definition
-females congregate in small, stale groups (spatiotemporal dispersion of mates)
-long interbirth intervals so few reproductively active females per male at one time (constraints imposed by parental care)
-males can economically defend multiple females
-sets stage for male-male competition |
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Term
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Definition
| -nails, collar bone(arm motility), occipital area of skull, big toe, well developed large intestine, depend on vision a lot, 3 kinds of teeth, mostly diurnal, large brains for body size, no migration(philopatric), forward facing eyes(peripheral vision) |
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Term
| prosimians vs. anthropoids |
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Definition
-suborder level
-prosimians: small, nocturnal, old world, split lips, insectivorous, solitary, no colors, claw on 2nd pedal digit, incisors/canines form grooming combs, tapetum, Madagascar
-anthropoids: large, diurnal, old/new world, colors, nails on digits
-tarsiers behaviorally like prosimians, anatomically like anthropoids |
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Term
| colobines vs cercopithecines |
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Definition
-colobines (colobus monkeys): single/multimale groups, longer legs, folivorous, narrow incisors, deep jaw, long tail, broad interorbital region, complex stomachs
-cercopithecenes (baboons): multimale/female, similar arm/legs, omnivorous, broad incisors, shallow jaw, short tail, narrow interorbital region, cheek pouches
BOTH cercopithecoidea sub families |
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Term
| hominoids vs. cercopithecoids |
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Definition
-NW hominoids (apes/humans): larger brains/body, brachiation, no tails, longer arms, postcranial skeletons
-OW cercopithecoids (baboons, monkeys): smaller brains/body, tails, more = limb length, less restricted habitats |
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Term
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Definition
-refers to the ability to reproduce
-individuals with high fitness are those who reproduce more than others |
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Term
| types of natural selection |
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Definition
| directional(favors one phenotypic extreme), stabilizing(reduces variability, favors average), disruptive(favors extremes, increases variability) |
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Term
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Definition
-the differential reproduction of individuals based on the heritable differences between them
-requires heritable variation + reproductive competition
-operates on individuals |
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Term
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Definition
-increased access to food, mates and valuable resources
-depends on size (too small or big will not have big B-C)
-economic defendability (sufficient nutrients, not too hard to defend) |
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Term
| female mate choice criteria |
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Definition
-direct material benefits (defend territories, paternal care, protection)
-indirect benefits (prefer immigrant males to avoid inbreeding
-size, rank, un/familiarity, variety (some mate as many males as possible) |
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Term
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Definition
-pattern of behavior shown by members of one sex that leads to their being more likely to mate w/ certain members of opposite sex
-active solicitation of mates, refusal to mate, subtle signals that encourage males to seek matings |
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Term
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Definition
-polygamy: more than one mate
-polygyny: more than one female mate (common for primates)
-polyandry: more than one male mate |
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Term
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Definition
-aggression by mated females leads to their spatial separation and prevents males from acquiring additional mates
-male parental care is indispensable to female reproduction
-neither sex can monopolize opposite sex (cause of ecological factors or parental care constraints) |
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Term
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Definition
-population density hypothesis: due to high population densities, and is an aberrant/dysfunctional behavior, doesn't necessarily benefit killer
-sexual selection hypothesis: male reproductive tactic, males typically not father, mothers become sexually active earlier than if infant lived, infanticidal males benefit reproductively by killing offspring |
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Term
| female counterstrategies to infanticide |
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Definition
-form aggressive coalitions (langurs, redtail and blue monkeys)
-form coalitions with other males who may be fathers WORKS (baboons)
-postconception estrus and promiscuity NO |
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Term
| cooperative polyandry in callitrichines |
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Definition
-small body size
-mixed diet of fruit, small prey, plant exudates
-territorial
-small group sizes (2-15)
-twin: 80% of all births
-twins are fraternal
-helping in tamarins is necessary due to high costs of parental care
-lack older offspring |
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Term
| factors influencing male-male competition |
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Definition
-expend energy to be dominant (reproductive benefit), in polygynous societies dominant male sires majority of offspring but more stress too
-relative diff in parental investment between sexes and sex ratio
-intensifies when female parental investment greatly exceeds males and if many more males |
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Term
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Definition
-systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex in the same species
-intensity of male-male comp affects levels of sexual dimorphism in body size |
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Term
| relationship between diet and body size |
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Definition
-large animals require more food
-metabolic rate doesn't increase linearly with body size
-large animals retain heat better
-given their higher energy needs per unit weight, small animals eat easily digested foods that are processed fast
-foods don't have to be abundant because small animals require small amounts but large animals need abundant food that isn't easy to digest |
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Term
| New World monkeys vs. Old World monkeys |
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Definition
-NW/platyrrhines: S/C America, small/med body, side facing nostrils separated by wide septum
-OW/catarrhine,apes,humans: larger, larger canines, more folivorous/terrestrial, large nostrils facing forward/down separated by narrow septum |
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Term
| alternative male mating tactics |
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Definition
-small males force matings more often
-opportunistic: majority of matings, males line up and mate females in turn, little competition until ovulation
-possessiveness: high ranking males attempt to keep other males away
-consortship: male attempts to take female to territory outskirts, aggression initiates, lot are from low ranking males but small % total |
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Term
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Definition
-in polyandry, males have large testes compared to body weight
-large testes can deposit more sperm, more likely your sperm fertilizes egg |
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Term
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Definition
-constraints imposed on parental care
-ecological factors will affect economics of mate defense
-patchy female distribution
-temporal female dispersion (harder to keep males away if reproductive at same time) |
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