Term
| What is one way to test self awareness? |
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Definition
| See if an individual recognizes them self and has self awareness when they see themselves in a mirror with a mark on their face. |
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Term
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Definition
| The attribution of mental states to those different to yours. Understanding that someone believes something different from you. |
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Term
| What is the Sally and Ann ball and basket experiment? |
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Definition
| Sally has a ball and she puts it in her basket then leaves. While she's gone, Ann moves the ball. Subject is then asked where Sally will look for the ball once she returns. If subject answers "In the basket." rather than "In the box." they demonstrate theory of mind. |
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Term
| In humans, when do we see theory of mind development? |
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Definition
| At 3yrs, humans fail this test. At 4-5 they pass, by 6 they pass and are able to explain why |
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Term
| Give an example of possible theory of mind in chimps. |
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Definition
| Chimp not going for food when he thinks dominate male can see him, but he goes for the food when he thinks dominate male cannot see him. |
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Term
| What is evidence for theory of mind? |
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Definition
1. Knowledge attribution
2. Deception |
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Term
| What was the Premack experiment of theory of mind and it's implications? |
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Definition
| Food is hidden under one out of four cups. Two trainers, a 'knower' and a 'guesser' then point to the cups. Subject then gets to select a cup. Over time subject learns only to select the cup the 'knower' points to. It's possible that this demonstrates knowledge attribution, but it can also be explained simply by the chimp learning to associate the 'knower's' selection with food. |
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Term
| What was to Povinelli experiment of theory of mind? |
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Definition
| Chimps were trained to beg for food, then given the option to beg from a trainer with a bucket over their head or a trainer with no bucket. There were no conclusive results from this, but that is arguably due to the fact young chimps were used in this experiment. When the experiment was repeated several years later, the results were much more positive. |
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Term
| What are some alternate explanations to Povinelli's and Nissani's experiments with theory of mind in chimps and elephants? |
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Definition
| An alternate explanation of these experiments could be that the animals simply developed discriminatory learning (learned behavior: begging from a human who's eyes aren't visible isn't worthwhile) |
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Term
| What was Hare's experiment? |
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Definition
| This experiment was the dominate vs. subordinate food experiment. |
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Term
| Were participants able to pass a nonverbal false-belief task? |
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Definition
| No, participants were not able to pass this test of theory of mind. However, 5yr old humans were. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using theory of mind to manipulate another's behavior |
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Term
| What was the Woodruff and Premack deception experiment? |
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Definition
| Food is hidden in a room. Two trainers, a competitor and a cooperator come into the room. If the chimp directs the cooperator to the food, it will receive the food. However, if it directs the competitor to the food, the competitor takes the food. BUT, if the chimp directs the competitor to an incorrect spot, the chimp will receive the food. Some chimps were able to correctly direct both types of trainers. |
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Term
| What was the Hare deception experiment? |
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Definition
| Chimp could make a grab for a piece of food either through an opaque or clear box before the human snagged the treat. Chimps would grab through the clear box |
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Term
| What are some examples of manipulative monkeys in nature? |
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Definition
Babies crying as if they've been attacked when someone doesn't give up their food.
Females sneaking around dominate males to be groomed by other males |
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Term
| SO, do non humans have theory of mind? |
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Definition
| Although there is convincing evidence, we it's not a simple yes or no. |
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Term
| In terms of the subordinate vs. dominate knowledge attribution experiment, what is the significance of the interpretation, "Don't go after the food if the dominate was visible when it was placed in that arena, (because he has seen it and knows where it is.)" |
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Definition
| This sentence with the phrase in the parentheses implies a theory of mind whereas this sentence without the phrase in parentheses could be interpreted simply as an S-R habit acquired through discrimination learning. |
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Term
| Give an example of a theory of mind in birds. |
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Definition
| Scrub jays who are hiding their food in the presence of another bird will sometimes return to the hiding place once the observer is gone and re-hide the food. The birds that do this the most often are birds who have themselves proliferated other's hiding places. |
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