Term
| What are some benefits of group living? |
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Definition
Enhanced predator protection
Increased access to mates
Enhanced access to food
Infantcide avoidance
Information sharing/acquisition |
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Term
| What are some costs of group living? |
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Definition
Increase feeding competition
Increased potential for conflict or aggression |
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Term
| What are infantcide rates lower in group living situation? |
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Definition
| These rates drop in this type of living situation because you're not sure who is who's baby. |
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Term
| What are social strategies? |
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Definition
| These are strategies that are developed as a result of group living. |
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Term
| What are some examples of coordinated action? |
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Definition
Cooperation
Resource, mate, predator protection
Collective foraging/hunting
cooperative infant care-giving
Communication food/predator calls
Alliance formation |
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Term
| What are some examples of cooperation in primates? |
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Definition
Protecting a dead bonobo body
Needing to work together to pull seperate ropes to obtain food
Heavy stone over food requiring help to move shows and understanding of what partners want. However, chimps were only able to complete the task with human partners.
Food platform experiment shows that chimps have an understanding of who is acting and justice. |
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Term
| What does the stone experiment tell us about primate social strategies? |
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Definition
This experiment tells us that chimps were unable to synchronize with one another but could synchronize with a human partner and understand their intent.
We also see (maybe not from this particular example... maybe tho) that chimps will ask and offer help |
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Term
| What does the food tray experiment tell us about primate social strategies? |
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Definition
| This experiment shows that chimps have a sense of justice because when the trainer moved the food tray rather than the other chimp, the subject was ok with it |
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Term
| What does the cooperative rope pulling chimp experiment tell us about primate social strategies? |
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Definition
| This experiment shows that chimps will cooperate only if its with a friend and there's two separate food trays. |
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Term
| What does the cooperative rope pulling bonobo experiment tell us about primate social strategies? |
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Definition
| This experiment shows that bonobos will cooperate with one another and food can be in the same dish, they're willing to share. |
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Term
| Who is closer to humans (in terms of cooperative ability), chimps or bonobos? |
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Definition
| The latter of these two species is closer to humans in this term because they have the most cooperative ability and impulse control. |
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Term
| What was the Capuchin rock breaking experiment? |
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Definition
| Two capuchins are separated by a glass barrier with a hole in it, have to pass a rock through the hole in order to crack open a jar of nuts. |
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Term
| What can we tell about Capuchin social cognition from the rock-passing experiment? |
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Definition
| From this experiment, we can tell that capuchins are able to cooperate, and have a sense of fairness. |
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Term
| What experiment shows dog's sense of fairness? |
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Definition
| The shaking experiment in which dogs stop shaking hands when they see peers being rewarded while they are not shows that dogs have a sense of fairness. |
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Term
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Definition
| This is behavior benefits others at a cost to one's self. |
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Term
| Give two examples of altruism. |
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Definition
This attribute can be seen in the case of Mozu the snow monkey who was taken care of by her peers for 26 years because she had useless arms and legs.
It can also be seen by the dog who ran through traffic to drag another dog who had been hit to the side of the highway. |
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Term
| Give an example of deception in primates. |
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Definition
| We see this in the capuchin clip where they make false alarm calls in order to get food for themselves. |
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Term
| What makes a behavior deceptive? |
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Definition
| Intent makes a behavior deceptive. |
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Term
| What are the functions of cooperation? |
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Definition
1. Kin selection
2. Mutualism
3. Reciprocal Altruism |
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Term
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Definition
| When individuals favor others who share the most genes with them and thus individuals tend to favor the success of close relatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| When each individual perceives that it is to it's own immediate self interest to form a coalition. |
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Term
| What is reciprocal altruism? |
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Definition
| When an individual incurs an otherwise unacceptable risk now for the possibility of some appropriate compensation later. |
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Term
| What percentage of daily time is spent in social interaction? What percentage is spent in social conflict? |
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Definition
| Only about 5-10% of daily time is spent in this type of interaction. <1% of time is spent in agonistic interaction. |
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Term
| Why is such little time spent on agonistic behavior? |
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Definition
| There is such a small allocation of time to this type of behavior because it is risky and can be very costly. |
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Term
| What percentage of conflict time is spent on food, social partners or other? |
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Definition
10% of this time is spent on food
20% of this time is spent on social partners
70% of this time is spent on unknown reasons (Freedom? Dominance? Space?) |
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Term
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Definition
| When and why would you engage in conflict vs. cooperation? Deception vs. truth? |
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Term
| Is human cooperation really that much different from non human cooperation? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Yes, we are different because we have more effective/flexible strategies possibly due to our higher tolerance or machiavelli social cognition. |
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Term
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Definition
| How much cognitive calculation needs to be involved in cooperation? |
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Term
| What can we assume about social cognition in terms of cooperation? |
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Definition
| We cannot assume that observing this type of behaviors shows cognitive complexity. This can be demonstrated by comparing humans to bees. |
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Term
| What was the rook cooperation experiment and what are it's implications? |
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Definition
| Rooks needed a partner to pull on a string at the same time to gain a reward. However because the rooks wouldn't wait for one another, they demonstrated a lack of understanding of the task. |
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Term
| What are some explanations for nonhuman cooperation? |
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Definition
1. The animals preformed these tasks on mistake (this explains the rooks but not the primates)
2. The partner is viewed simply as a tool
3. Pavlovian Conditioning: random actions have been reinforced (Ex- If I make a snake call in this situation, I get to keep my food)
4. Advanced cognition (helps aid coordination between partners) |
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Term
| What is the importance of memory in terms of cooperation? |
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Definition
| This serves as a 'book keeping' of previous interactions possible. It allows us to remember why we like or dislike someone |
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Term
| What is mental time travel? |
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Definition
| The ability to relive personal past events and perceive possible future events |
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Term
| Why is group hunting a prime example of coordination? |
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Definition
| This is a prime example of coordination because it requires coordination in time and space as well as in individual actions towards a common goal. |
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Term
| How often do we see examples of the functions of cooperation? |
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Definition
| Kin selection is seen very often, mutualism is seen sometimes, and reciprocal altruism is seen rarely (only in primates). |
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Term
| How do we deal with free riders? |
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Definition
1. punishment
2. ostracism
3. partner switching
4. social structure/dominance (reward non cheaters)
6. parcelling |
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Term
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Definition
| When you 'hook' somebody by only giving them some of what you promised them which makes them stick around in hopes of receiving the next 'parcel.' |
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Term
| In the prisoner dilemma, what are the five types of actors? |
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Definition
1. sucker
2. cheater
3. grudger
4. tit for tat
5. random |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who cooperates all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who cheats all the time |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who does as others do, but will label and remember cheaters |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who reciprocates the actions done on them. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who cooperates and cheats at random. |
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Term
| Who is the most effective in the prisoners dilemma scenario? |
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Definition
| Grudgers are the most effective in this situation. |
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Term
| What factors are important in reciprocity in humans? |
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Definition
1. memory of past events
2. reputation
3. costly punishments |
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Term
| In a situation where winning actors reproduce, do cheaters do better than suckers? |
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Definition
| In such a situation, cheaters always win and suckers become absent from the population. |
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Term
| In a situation where winning actors reproduce, do 'nice' strategies beat out nasty ones? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| In such a situation, cheating is not to cheat. Grudger's tend to come out on top, and tit for tat is a close second. So yes, nice strategies are stable. |
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Term
| What is the most evolutionarily stable strategy? |
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Definition
| Grudgers seem to be the most stable strategy. |
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Term
| In a situation where winning actors reproduce, can tit for tat produce a population of cheaters? |
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Definition
| In such a situation, yes they could. Although, it would take a while. |
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Term
| What is the difference between human and nonhuman reciprocity? |
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Definition
| Humans base their reciprocity largely on reputation which is dependent upon language. Because animals cannot do this, their reciprocity is based entirely on past experiences. |
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Term
| Do we see many examples of punishment to promote cooperation in animals? |
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Definition
| No, but it is evident in hunting chimps and cleaner fish. |
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Term
| How does human punishment differ from non human punishment? |
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Definition
| This differs because humans are able to use language and thus create much more complicated forms of punishment. |
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Term
| What is the effect of complexity of human punishment? |
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Definition
| The effect of this is that we are able to create laws which in turn create threats which encourage good behavior from the get go. |
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Term
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Definition
| Memory concept-based memory unrelated to experience. |
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Term
| What ratio is key to cooperation? |
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Definition
| The cost to benefit ratio is key to this. |
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Term
| What is vital to large societies in terms of free riders? |
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Definition
| Punishing people who don't directly effect you is vital to maintaining these types of living situations. |
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Term
| What is the collective action dilemma? |
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Definition
| As population increases, the number of free riders increases. |
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Term
| What cognitive skills are needed to do a public good and/or to punish? |
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Definition
1. mental time travel
2. communication info about people who you don't interact with directly |
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Term
| Why is human cooperation so much more advanced? |
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Definition
| We are more advanced in this aspect because we have language and punishment. |
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Term
| What species display group hunting? |
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Definition
| Chimps, orcas, raptors, lions, wolves, dolphins |
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Term
| Give an example of kin selection. |
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Definition
| Monkeys taking care of their immediate family, showing less aggression towards family than the rest of the troupe, as well as interacting with family more than other members of the group is an example of this. |
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Term
| Give an example of mutualism. |
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Definition
Bees and flowers
Intestinal bacteria and humans |
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Term
| Give an example of reciprocal mutualism |
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Definition
Cleaner fish- clean and are not eaten, should a threat appear host will chase them off
Grooming in primates |
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Term
| Why is it difficult to measure reciprocal altruism? |
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Definition
| This is difficult to measure because the exchange of behaviors may not always be equal. For example, a piece of food for support in a fight. |
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Term
| What is a 'nice' strategy? |
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Definition
| A strategy where you are not the first one to betray. |
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Term
| In the prisoner's dilemma (a short term event), what is the best strategy? |
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Definition
| In this situation, betrayal is the best option. |
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Term
| What alternative hypothesis does the raven experiment provide? |
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Definition
| This experiment offers an alternative explanation that the ravens didn't actively cooperate, but independently preformed self-serving actions that unintentionally benefited one another. |
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Term
| What alternative hypothesis does to rope pulling experiment offer (especially in chimps)? |
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Definition
| This experiment offers an alternative explanation that partners used in cooperation are simply viewed as tools |
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Term
| Why would advanced cognition facilitate cognition? |
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Definition
Cooperation could be facilitated by this because it would
1. Help aid coordination between individuals
2. Help make strategic decisions |
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