Term
| What are the costs to primates living in groups? |
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Definition
-More competition for food because members of the same group are always nearby
-More vulnerable to infectious disease |
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Term
| What are the benefits to primates living in groups? |
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Definition
-Resource Defence Hypotheses (improves access to resources; defending and finding food)
-Predation Defense Hypothesis (being in a group offers better protection from predators; collective detection, dilution effects; deterrence)
-Mates are readily available, increased feeding rates from decreased vigilance, females and offspring benefit from protection from male conspecifics |
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Term
| How do different dispersal patterns change group dynamics? |
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Definition
Male biased dispersal: females form matrilines and f-f bonds
Female biased dispersal: males form patrilines and the group is non-f bonded (m-m 1st, m-f 2nd)
Bisexual dispersal: no matrilineal or patrilineal descent; no sex bonds (f-m bonds most important) |
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Term
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Definition
The set of conspecific animals that interact regularly and interact more so w/ each other than w/ members of other social units
Ex. multi-male, multi-female groups |
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Term
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Definition
The individuals that mate w/in a social unit; describes this subset of social interactions
Has a genetic component: # of matings that result in new members of the social unit (production of viable offspring)
Ex. Uni-male (one male) [mates w/] multi-female (multiple females) |
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Term
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Definition
The patterns of social interactions and resulting relationships w/in the social unit
What we are looking at in a socio-gram: female-bonded, non-female bonded, male-bonded |
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Term
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Definition
Size, sexual composition, and spatiotemporal cohesion of a social unit
Cohesive Groups: stay together all the time but inter-individual distances may vary
Fission-Fusion Grouos: fluid structure during the day (go off into feeding "parties"), sleep together in "communities"
Multilevel societies: vary in complexity, composed of 1 male units (OMU) and all-male bands all grouped together-
Hamadryas baboons: basic unit (OMU) -> 2-4 OMU's make up a clan -> several clans make up a band (<60 individuals) -> several bands make a troop )share sleeping area)
Solitary: home range overlap variably; organized into neighbourhoods |
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Term
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Definition
Polyandry
Callitrichids
Dominant females supress reproduction of subordinates
Twins
Males benefit through kin selection (help) |
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Term
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Definition
Mating: males polygynous, females monogamous
Sexually dimorphic
Social organization: cohesive or OMU's organized into multi-level societies
Social structure: female bonded (baboons, macaques) or neither sex bonded (gorillas) |
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Term
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Definition
Mating: polygamous
Social organization: cohesive or fission-fusion
Social structure: female bonded, male bonded, or neither sex bonded |
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Term
| Principles of Natural Selection |
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Definition
Variation: lots of variation w/in and between species resulting from random mutations, genetic recombination, and non-random mate choices
Inheritance: variation passed from parents to offspring
Overproduction: more offspring born that can survive, creating competition |
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Term
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Definition
Based on recognition that each individual shares genetic material w/ their relatives
N.S. can operate on genes rather than individuals; inclusive fitness (individual fitness + effect on fitness of their relatives)
Hamilton's Rule |
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Term
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Definition
Helping behaviour between non relatives
Individuals help others so that they will get help in the future when they need it (benefits will eventually outweigh the costs)
Ex. coalitions
Cheaters' fitness will suffer |
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Term
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Definition
Interactions between 2 organisms where each gains fitness beneftis; can look like cooperation
Ex. bee pollinating a flower
No overall cost to the actor .: not altruism |
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Term
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Definition
3 variables: Cost, benefits, and degree of relatedness
An individual will be selected to help a relative whenever [ c < b x r ] |
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Term
| Principles of Sexual Selection |
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Definition
Emphasizes reproduction
Once in adulthood, it kicks in
Social environment is key
Operates more on males (in primates) |
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Term
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Definition
| Any investment by the parent in an individual offspring that increases the offspring's chance of survival (and hence RS) at the cost of the parents ability to invest in other offspring |
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Term
| Why are m and f reproductive strategies different? |
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Definition
Females are choosy while males want as many fertilizations as possibly
3 reasons m and f strategies are so different: different levels of p.i.; different variance in RS (females are approx. equal, males can have a large range); different limiting factors) |
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Term
| What limits reproductive success for m and f? |
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Definition
Males: access to fertile females
Females: access to energetic resources (high quality foods) |
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Term
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Definition
Handicap models: ornametation reduces averaf male survival; enables females to assess individual males' ability to survive despite his burden
Variability Indicator model: females can assess male quality; use characters that indicate a less apparent trait (e.g. behavioural displays, acoustic displays, ornaments, weapons, pelage/plumage, skin coloration, chemical signals) |
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Term
| Female reproductive strategies: how do f.r.s. influence social organization? |
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Definition
Priority of Access model: higher rank gives 1st access to food resources
Egalitarian: no dominance hierarchy between females (equality of access)- w/in group competition low, no direect competition for food, no need for allies, mainly folivores
Nepotistic: hierarchy based on kinship (relatives rank slow together)- matrilineal, w/in group competition high, directly compete for food, need allies for access to resources (mainly kin), f-f coalition to gain access |
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Term
| Consequences of female competition over food resources |
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Definition
Differential access to food for females (affecting individual RS)
Food type and distribution determines female social relationships w/in and between groups
Distribution of females determines distribution of males
Type of social structure and social organization in group |
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Term
| Basic tenants of the socio-ecological model |
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Definition
Group Living and Competition: gregariousness induces competition between females for access to food, 2 types- contest (direct, aggressive, affects group members directly, clumped resources) and scramble (indirect, not aggressive, affects all group members equally, even resources)
Temporal availability or food resources and the spatial distribution (even vs. clumped) of their food patches affects social organization and competition |
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Term
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Definition
Potential depends on distribution of estrus females
Synchronized ovulation: one male has less change of monopolizing females and preventing other males from access
Non-synchronous ovulation: more male has great change of monopolizing access to fertile females |
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Term
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Definition
Infanticide: infant killing by males (extreme)- sexual selection hypothesis (no killing own offspring, bring female into estrus sooner, mate w/ female)
Harassment: continuous direct sexual solicitations, following, or aggression toward reluctant female
Intimidation: aggression to receptive females
Mate-guarding: staying in proximity to the female, keep other males away, seen on non-swelling species
Mate-herding: controlling female movements to keep her away from other groups/males
Forced copulation: forcing the unwilling female to mate |
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Term
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Definition
Rank should lead to higher RS
Male mating success and paternity tend to correlate w/ rank in primates (alpha males have highest RS) |
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Term
| Alternative male strategies |
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Definition
Low ranking males form coalitions
Sneak copulations
Friendships |
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Term
| Sperm competition/ cryptic female choice |
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Definition
Volume of sperm, length/ speed, copulatory plugs
Discard sperm of current male, mate w. another male, destroy sperm, selectively discad sperm, remove copulatory plug, allow/ impede induced ovulation, slect for/against sperm, choose among those that reach egg, abort zygote (Bruce Effect), allow/impede infanticide, invest less in offspring |
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