Term
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Definition
| coal swamp plants; extinct in Permian (lycopsids, sphenopsids) |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant in Mesozoic; 60% dom in Triassic, 80% dom in Jurassic; success due to seed (fertilized egg-embryo, in watertight container with food |
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Term
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Definition
| (flowering plants) late Jurassic/early Triassic, dom in Cenozoic because take over in Cretoceous with dif mechanizms of seed dispersal and fertilization; develope faster (weedy) survive grazing from herbivores |
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Term
| gymnosperms fertilization |
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Definition
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Term
| angiosperms fertilization |
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Definition
| by animal vectors (cycads too) |
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Term
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Definition
| ancestral to mammals, differentiated teeth, posterior bones in jaw smaller, limbs more upright, seasonal climates, some thermoregulation |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved to smaller sized, nocturnal burrowers, favor endothermy, acute senses, larger brain, fur/hair, insulation, live birth |
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Term
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Definition
| triassic cynodonts; small 4" carnivores, dif teeth, single jaw bone, nocturnal burrowers |
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Term
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Definition
| triassic cynodonts; swim and burrow; resemble river rats or platypus |
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Term
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Definition
| gliding triassic cynodonts |
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Term
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Definition
| triassic cynodonts; most primitive living mammals; branched off earlier than many extinct cynodonts; today-platypus and echidna; sprawling, lay eggs, thermoregulate |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate stage in separation in ear and jaw bone |
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Term
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Definition
| therian mammal; more flexible reproduction-abandon young in crisis |
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Term
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Definition
| therian mammal; carry fetus to term |
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Term
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Definition
| wide geographic area, wide species variety, short time period, too fast for adaption |
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Term
| "Cretaceous-Tertiary" mass extinction |
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Definition
| 75% species; dinosours, pterosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonoids, high % other moluscs and forumns, diversification of mammals |
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Term
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Definition
| dif ways of making a living (members of same guild compete for dif resourses) dinosaurs, marine reptiles, pterosaurs (filled by mammals after extinction) |
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Term
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Definition
| first general then specialized evolved |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized ungulates w/o hooves (today have hooves) herbivores |
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Term
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Definition
| many modern groups present |
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Term
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Definition
| evolved from ungulates- early whales; ex. Ambulocetus; evidence- wales w/ limbs, whales gave birth on land; dolphins w/ 4 limbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| land herbivores in Eocene Epoch |
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Definition
| rodents/rabbits ex. proboscideans; ungulates- horses were small terrestrial herbivores ex. Hyracotherium; untatheres and titocotheres- learge terrestrial grazers |
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Term
| land carnivores in Eocene Epoch |
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Definition
| creodonts (archaic carnivores) birds, reptiles |
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Term
| modernization after Eocene |
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Definition
| climate cools and dries, ice at poles, ocean circulation changes due to continental drift/tectonic activity; forests less dense, more grasslands, changes cause death by natural selection --> ungulate diversification |
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Term
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Definition
| post eocene epoch; "even toed ungulates" ex. deer, pig, hippo, camel; most common group today |
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Term
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Definition
| "odd toed ungulates" ex. rhinos |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| trend: body size went up (anti-preditory), less toes(speed for running), tooth height went up(eating abrasive grass) because of spread of grasslands |
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Term
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Definition
| forward facing eyes, shorter snout, grasping hands and feet, less specialized teeth and skeleton, larger brain, slower development, more parental care |
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Term
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Definition
| small arboreal mammals, late cretaceous |
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Term
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Definition
| first primate, rodent-like |
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Term
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Definition
| adapsids- Paleocene, today-lemurs ect. |
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Term
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Definition
| early tiny ones in Libya 39 Ma; Aegyptopithecus- skull discovery- lime sized brain, excellent vision, sexual dimorphism (large social group) |
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Term
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Definition
| especially 10-20 Ma; ex. Proconsul 80 lbs - ate leaves and fruit; arboreal; sumpithecids- ancestral to orangoutangs, includes Gigantopithecuz- gave right to legend of bigfoot |
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Term
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Definition
| gave rise to legend of bigfoot |
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Term
| Humans (compared to modern apes) |
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Definition
| hair distribution, flatter face, smaller teeth, larger brain, bipedal w/ upright posture, non-opposible big tow, jaw shape |
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Term
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Definition
| time- 6-7 Ma, 99% same DNA, ex. Sahelapthropus- both human and chimp traits; Orronin- 6 Ma-fully bipedal |
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Term
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Definition
| 4' 110 lbs, 4 limbs on branches, upright on ground, no grasp, woodland environment; promiscuous? |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate hip structure and jaw, larger brainthan ape, walked upright, some time in trees |
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Term
| Australopithicus afarensis |
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Definition
| lucy and 3 yr old human, lower body walked upright, apelike upper body and neck, gorilla shoulder blades, chimp like piowade bone |
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Term
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Definition
| found with tools (not first) |
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Term
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Definition
| "turkana boy" could be 6' tall, foot structure same as h. sapiens, long distance walk, run, advanced, tools, evidence of fire |
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Term
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Definition
| "the hobbit" 18 Ka, probably ancestor of h erectus, <1 M tall, long flat feet, high stepping gate |
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Term
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Definition
| likely ancestor of H. sapians |
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Term
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Definition
| (Neanderthals) bigger bodies and brains than h. sapiens, same DNA, variant of MCIR gene-red hair, religious, altruistic |
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Term
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Definition
| advance and retreat of glaciers at least 17 times; 24% land surface covered w/ glacier |
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Term
| Effects of Pleistocene Ice Age |
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Definition
| erosion, disposition, climate, drainage change |
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Term
| Causes of Pleistocene Ice Age |
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Definition
| land masses near poles; astronomical factors- eccentricity, tilt of axis, procession; change in ocean circulation b/c uplift of Isthmus of Panama 7-8 Ma |
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Term
| North America during Ice Age |
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Definition
| mammoths and mastodons, giant brown sloth, sabertooth tiger, giant bison, dire wolf |
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Term
| Causes of Pleistocene Ice Age |
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Definition
| land masses near poles; astronomical factors- eccentricity, tilt of axis, procession; change in ocean circulation b/c uplift of Isthmus of Panama 7-8 Ma |
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Term
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Definition
| mammoths and mastodons, giant brown sloth, sabertooth tiger, giant bison, dire wolf, irish Elk, woolly rhino, cave bears |
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Term
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Definition
| 11 Ka, 3000 year period; mostly large-bodied mammals in N. America and Europe (35 genera) |
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Term
| Causes of Pleistocene Extinction |
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Definition
| climate change-->likely not entire reason (glaciers advanced and retreated many times w.o extinction) human overkill-->humans entered N. America about time of extinction...maybe. large mammal bones found w human bones/tools/weapons with cut marks in them; impact? |
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