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| Associated with Neanderthals and include the Levallois Technique |
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Preparing a core (or bunch of flakes) in an ideal shape and hitting it with a soft hammer (antler) which made a flake in the middle. This flake is known as the Levallois tool
-A Mousterian tool technology used by Neanderthals |
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| Chatelperronian technology |
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| Pertaining to an upper paleolithic industry found in France and Spain that is similar to the Middle Paleolithic Mousterian industry. |
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| Like Spear throwers that allow for hunting from a distance and decreased injuries, much smaller than spear throwers |
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10,000 years old, 78 Hominin bone fragments found several hundred animal bone fragments mixed in with several hundred animal bone fragments that were broken for bone marrow.
*Evidence of Cannibalism for Neanderthals |
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130,000 years ago where thousands of human bones and bone fragments were found that were not whole and had cut.burn marks on them.
*Evidence for Cannibalism in Neanderthals |
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| Nine year old boy buried with six goat horns, makes it seem very intentional |
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| Includes Figurines and objects associated with personal ornamentation |
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| Statues of Upper Paleolithic women, who are curvy |
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| Earliest cave art in Europe found here, 32,000 years old... four horse heads |
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| Earliest Cave art in Africa, 26,000 years ago |
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24,000 years old. Brial of two adolescents a girl and a boy 9-13
Buried head to head on a bed of red ochre then found 10,000 beds
-100's of drilled fox canine teeth, carvings, pierced antlers, etc.
-The first time people were VERY interested in art |
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| Homo Erectus, Archaic Homo Sapiens, and Early Nenderthals |
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| Oldowan and Achulean industries, Homo habilis, homo heidelbergensis |
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| Homo Heidelbergensis, modern humans |
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| Modern Humans, 40,000 to 10,00 years ago |
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| Hybridization Model of Human Origins |
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Proposed by Eric Trinkhaus and Pat Shipman in 1992
-Modern populations migrated out of Africa and replace archaic people they enSome interbreeding and genetic admixture did take place
-This explains the Regional continuity of traits example: Neanderthals have the ocipital bun and so do some Norwegians |
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Southern Ethiopia, 195,000 years aold, earliest modern human yet found.
-However there is a considerable amount of variation between the fossil specimens found there. |
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Found a possible new subspecies by Tim White--- in between modern humans and archaic humans
160,000 to 154,000 years old, Cranial vault is large and low also within the capacity range of modern humans |
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The new Subspecies that was discovered at Herto by Tim White
proposed as a new subspecies for these specimen that would reflect their similarities to both modern huamans and archai
Idaltu= Elder in the Afar language |
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| The oldest modern humans outside of Africa, found on Mt. Caramel in Isreal.... 115,000 to 110,000 years old |
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| Abrigo do lagar Velho, Portugal |
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| Found here was a burial for a four year old child, may be good evidence of interbredding between Neanderthals and modern humans because it has several morphologies that are not modern. 24,500 years old |
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A communal grave was discovered here with the remains of 18 individuals, most with their heads oriented North
-Grave was covered with limestone slabs and mammoth bones, thousand of stone tools |
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30-25 Thousand years ago, Traces of several tent like huts, mammoth bones and central hearths
-Leads us to infer that ritual burials indicated extensive rituals preparing us for the after life |
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Mungo I= (Young female) shows signs of having been cremated before burials
Mungo II= (Older Male) was covered with red ochre (earliest example of mortuary practices) |
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| Pacific Coastal (Rim) Route |
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| Asain origin along the coast, climactic conditions are not as harsh as the continental interior. Water transport is necessary not dependent on land bridge formation to glacial retreats |
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| North Atlantic Ice Edge Route |
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| Earliest Immigrants followed the northern edge of the ice from western Europe to North America, water transport necessary and attempts to explain the origins of Clovis |
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| 50-40,000 years. One of several South American sites for which great antiquity is claimed, but not yet convincingly proved |
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37-12,000 years ago
-Controversial claim of great antiquity for the human presence in the American Southwest |
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| Meadowcroft Rock Shelter, PA |
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19-14,000 years ago
-Often cited as evidence of pre-Clovis presence of humans in eastern North America |
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Southern Chile, pre-Clovis
14,800 years old
Found hut foundations, flaked tools, wooden lance, digging tools, fire coal, bones, remains of nuts fruits and berries |
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| 13,200 to 12,800 Earliest universally acknowledged late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers who occupied much of North America below the glacial ice masses of the northern latitudes; used distinctive fluted spear or dart projectile points |
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| 12,500 LAte Pleistocene hunter-gatherers who hunted now-extinct giant long-horned bison in the American Southwest |
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| Middle Stone age, period of hunter-gathers, especially in northwestern Europe |
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| North American archaeological period that follows the end of the Ice Age and traditionally ends with the beginning of the use of ceramics, equivalent to the Mesolithic in the Old World |
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10,000 to historic times
Deeply stratified site that contains rich evidence of Desert Archaic life ways in the American Southwest |
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| 9,000 to 4,000 years ago Important stratified sequence of camp sites that document the changing life ways of prehistoric Native Americans in the Midwest during the Archaic period |
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| 3,500 A large series of earhworks that covers nearly 1 square mile; the most elaborate example of planned communities that were built in the Southeast in late Archaic times |
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| Late Pleistocene and early halocene period of foragers and collectors in the Near East and adjacent parts of Asia |
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| Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers of the eastern Mediterranean region and Levant |
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| Referring to collect-type hunter-gatherers who established sedentary settlements in parts of the Near East after 12,000 years ago |
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| 23,000 years ago. Kebaron or pre-Kebaran campsite; extraordinary preservation of huts, living floors, grass bedding and plant remains. Especially of small-grained grass seeds, which appear to have been a staple food. |
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| People who make their living by hunting, fishing, and gathering their food and not by producing it. |
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| Hunter-gatherers who live in small groups that move camp frequently to take advantage of fresh resources as they come into season, with few resources stored in anticipation of future use |
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| Hunter-Gatherers who tend to stay in one place for a long time, a task group may range far afield to hunt and collect food and other resources that are brought back to camp and shared among its inhabitants. Valued food resources are commonly stored in anticipation for future use. |
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| Archaeological sites or features within sites formed largely by the accumulation of domestic waste |
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| "Large animal" over 100 pounds |
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It is clear that such animals (herbivores) were desirable prey of the earliest Americans
-remains found in association with spear points, etc.
-Stampeded kills are known form several sites
-Most megafouna disappears within a few thousand years of human arrival
-Though that once herbivore populations were decimated, that carnivore numbers diminished as a result of the loss of prey species |
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| Climate Change hypothesis |
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Around 12,000 years ago the glaciers began to melt and made the earth warm up
-Cold-adapted animals may have died form heat exhaustion
-or the vegetation upon which these animals survived may have dissapeared causing starvation |
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| A. A term used to describe this shift from hunting and gathering to agriculture: Neo=New, Lithic= Stone = NEW STONE AGE |
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| Most scholars believe that BOTH large-scale hunting and climate changed played a significant role in the extinction of this unique fauna |
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