-prostestants in 16th & 17th century

-against reformation of the church of england
-supported Massachusetts Bay Colony

-believed in predestination

-founded May 14, 1607

-founded for the purposes of a quick profit from gold mining for its investors while also establishing a permanent foothold in North America for England

-first governing document of Plymouth Colony

-written by Pilgrims who crossed Atleant on the Mayflower

-almost half of the colonists were part of a separatist group seeking the freedom to practice Christianity according to their own determination and not the will of the English Church

-was signed on November 11, 1620 by 41 of the ship's one hundred and two passengers

-The Mayflower Compact was based simultaneously upon a majoritarian model (even though the signers were not in the majority) and the settlers' allegiance to the king

-Massachusetts Bay

-John Winthrop 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity"

-17th century Dutch colonial settlement

-founded by Willem Verhulst

-was to maintain New Netherland's provincial integrity by defending river access to the company's fur trade operations in the North River, later named Hudson River

-war between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763

-erupted into Seven Years War -began with dispute over Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers

-France ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain's loss to Britain of Florida

-France's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, confirming Britain's position as the dominant colonial power in the eastern half of North America

-the last war fought between European powers in North America before the American Revolution

-during the French and Indian War, American colonists fought with the British army against the French

-the French and Indian War officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763

-for Britain, victory meant control of all French lands in Canada and territories east of the Mississippi River except for the city of New Orleans

-a direct tax imposed by the British Parliament specifically on the colonies of British America

-The act required that many printed materials in the colonies be produced on stamped paper produced in London and carrying an embossed revenue stamp

-The purpose of the tax was to help pay for troops stationed in North America after the British victory in the Seven Years War

-the British government felt that the colonies were the primary beneficiaries of this military presence, and should pay at least a portion of the expense

-Many colonists considered it a violation of their rights as Englishmen

to be taxed without their consent—consent that only the colonial legislatures could grant.

-protests and demonstrations initiated by the Sons of Liberty often turned violent and destructive as the masses became involved

-colonists against the British government and the monopolistic Easr India Company that controlled all the tea coming into the colonies

-December 16, 1773

-after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor

-against Tea Act

-colonists objected to tea act because they believed it violated their right to be taxed only by their own representatives

-March 5, 1770

-was an incident that led to the deaths of five civilians at the hands of British redcoats

-A heavy British military presence in Boston led to a tense situation that boiled over into incitement of brawls between soldiers and civilians and eventually led to troops discharging their muskets after being threatened by a rioting crowd

-September 19 and October 7, 1777

-conclusively decided the fate of British General John Burgoyne's army in the American Revolutionary War and regarded as the turning point in the war

-this battle also resulted in Spain contributing to the war on the American side

-January 17, 1781

-was a decisive victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General, Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War

-it was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British

-the site of the siege and subsequent surrender of General Cornwallis to General George Washington during the American Revolutionary War on October 19, 1781

-British defeat at Yorktown effectively ended the war

-1803

-formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution

-case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, Justic of the Peace

-Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the court, with John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition, holding that the part of the statute upon which he based his claim, the Judiciary Act of 1789, was unconstitutional

-first time Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional"

-established the concept of judicial review

-1819

-landmark decision by the Supreme Court

-The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland

-The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution's list of express powers, provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution

-two principle:

a) the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government

b) state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government

-1810

-one of the first cases in which the Supreme Court ruled a state law unconstitutional, the decision also helped create a growing precedent for the sanctity of legal contracts, and hinted that Native Americans did not hold title to their own lands

-john peck, robert fletcher

-land titles

-unanimous decision ruled that the state legislature's repeal of the law was void because it was unconstitutional

-1819

-dealing with the application of the Contrct Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations

-the case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustess, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor

-the Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State

-the decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation

-1837

-heard by the US Supreme Court under the leadership of Chief Justic Roger B. Taney

-the case settled a dispute over the constitutional clause regarding obligation of contract

-charles river bridge and warren bridge too close in proximity

-proprietors of the Charles River Bridge claimed that the Massachusetts legislature had broken its contract with the Charles River Bridge Company, and thus the contract had been violated

-owners of the first bridge claimed that the charter had implied exclusive rights to the Charles River Bridge Company

-the Court ultimately sided with Warren Bridge

-1824

-a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the US held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the US Constitution

-exiled Irish patriot Thomas Addis Emmet and Thomas J. Oakley argued for Ogden, while William Wirt and Daniel Webster argued for Gibbons

-1857

-a ruling by the US Supreme Court that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens

-the court also held that the US Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not see in court

-Lastly, the Court ruled that slaves, as chattels or private property, could not be taken away from their owners without due process

-1783

-the set of treaties which ended the American Revolutionary War

-on 3 September 1783, representatives of King George III of Great Britain signed the Treaty of Paris with representatives of the USA and the Treaties of Versailles with representatives of King Louis XVI of France and King Charles III of Spain

-signed November 1794

-was a treaty between the US and Great Britain that is credited with averting war, solving many issues left over from the American Revolution and the Treaty of Paris of 1783, and opening ten or more years of mostly peaceful trade between the United States and Britain in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars that had begun in 1793

-the terms of Jay's Treaty were designed primarily by the first Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamiltion, strongly supported by the chief negotiator John Jay; but with only reluctant support from President George Washington

-hotly contested by the Jeffersonians in the United States, but it was ratified by a 2/3 majority of the Senate of the US

-Jay's Treaty became a central issue of contention—leading to the formation of the "First Party System" in the United States

-increased trade between the countries, and it averted another war until 1812

-gained the primary American goals, which included the withdrawal of units of the British Army from pre-Revolutionary forts that it had failed to relinquish in the Northwest Territory of the United States

-arbitration

-became one of the central issues in domestic American politics, with Thomas Jefferson and James Madison leading the opposition

-signed at Fort Greenville on Aug 2, 1795

-between the Westward Confederacy and the US

-put an end to the Northwest Indian War

-in exchange for goods worth $20,000 the Native American traded land

-sign Oct 27, 1795

-established intentions of friendship between the US and Spain

-defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River

-treaty's full title is Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States

-signed on December 24, 1814

-was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the USA and the UK and Ireland 

-The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum

-between US and Great Britain

-treaty provided for a large demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained

-the treaty stipulated that the United States and British North America could each maintain one military vessel as well as one cannon on Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain

Anglo-American Accords

-series of agreements reach in the British-American Convention of 1818 fixed the western boundary between the US and Canada at the 49th parallel allowed for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country, and restored to American fishing rights off Newfoundland

-1819

-settled a border dispute in North America between the US and Spain

-was the result of increasing tensions between the U.S. and Spain regarding territorial rights at a time of weakened Spanish power in the New World

-the treaty settled a boundary dispute along the Sabine River in TX and firmly established the boundary of U.S. territory and claims through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean in exchange for the U.S. paying residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000 and relinquishing its own claims on parts of TX west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas under the terms of the Louisiana Purchase

-signed August 9, 1842

-resolving several border issues between the US and the British North American colonies, particularly a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border

-established the details of the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris

-reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains

-called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, to be enforced by both signatories

-peace treaty, largely dictated by the US to the interim government of a militarily occuped Mexico City that ended the Mexican-American war

-Mexico ceded to the US Upper California and New Mexico (Mexican Cession)