Term
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Definition
began in the eleventh and twelfth centuries
-various military ventures to slow Muslim forces progression in Europe and to expel them from the Holy Land
-1095 Pope Urban II encouraged all Christians to help the cause |
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Term
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Definition
1095 encouraged by Pope Urban II
-Jerusalem was recaptured but changed hands over time |
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Term
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Definition
1145
-unsuccessful attempt to take Damascus |
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Term
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Definition
under Pope Gregory VIII
-attempt to recapture Jerusalem
-failed |
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Term
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Definition
under Pope Innocent III
-attempted to come into Holy Land through Egypt |
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Term
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Definition
greater power for the Pope and Catholic Church in general
-opened trading and cultural routes between Europe and East |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of the Guptas |
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Definition
1. long period of peace and prosperity
2. invented decimal system
3. concept of zero
4. cotton and calico
5. complex system of medicine |
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Term
| What happened after the end of the Gupta Dynasty? |
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Definition
taken over with Muslim invasion
sultans ruled for centuries
sultan, Tamerlane, expanded India's borders and founded the Mogul dynasty |
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Term
| Ming and Manchu Dynasties (2 characteristics) |
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Definition
1. isolationist
2. ended China's interaction with other countries until the 18th c.
3. Ming: porcelain
4. Manchu: farming and road construction |
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Term
| Japan (5 characteristics in 11th c) |
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Definition
1. borrowed Buddhist religion
2. used Chinese writing system
3. divine emperor
4. feudal system:: led by Daimyos or lords, and the soldiers known as samurai
5. Japan isolationist until 1800s |
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Term
| What did Ghana trade gold for in the 9th to 12th centuries? |
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Definition
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Term
| What African country was the most significant trading centers in west Africa |
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Definition
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Term
| Origins of Islam (4 characteristics) |
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Definition
-founded by Mohammed in 610
-Islam: submission to God's will
-Bedouins: nomads battled each other in tribes
-by 632, most of Arabia was Muslim to some extent |
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Term
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Definition
| Mohammed's writings that were dictated to him by the angel Gabriel (god's testament) |
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Term
| 4 effects of Mohammed's teachings |
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Definition
1. united former tribal Arabian people
2. converted Muslims conquered territories
3. created an empire and brought advances of science, tech, literature, and art
4. later, Islam split into two factions: Sunnis and Shiites |
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Term
| 5 characteristics of the Ottoman empire |
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Definition
1. 1400 grew in power and attempted to take Constantinople
2. 1453: conquer Constantinople
3. could unite different people through religious tolerance
4. believed in just government and laws
5. government headed by a monarch, the sultan |
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Term
| 7 characteristics of the Renaissance |
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Definition
1. means "rebirth"
2. began in Florence
3. interest rose in beliefs and politics of Greece and Rome
4. art, literature, music, science, philosophy, increased
5. education for upper classes
6. world presented realistically in art and literature
7. culture reached new heights |
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Term
| 2 artists of the Renaissance |
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Definition
1. Leonardo da Vinci
2. Michelangelo |
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Term
| What did Renaissance authors believe man should focus on? |
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Definition
| reality rather than the ethereal |
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Term
| What invention allowed authors works to reach wider audience? |
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Definition
| Gutenberg's printing press |
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Term
| What do Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler have in common? |
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Definition
| -all challenged that the geocentric views of the church by proving the earth was not the center of the of the solar system |
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Term
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Definition
| challenged abuses of the Catholic Church in Germany |
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Term
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Definition
| challenged Protestant Revolution in Switzerland |
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Term
| Why is the Reformation significant? |
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Definition
-wider tolerance of religions, but also increased the persecution of those who deemed to be heretics
-removed power of the church and pope, playing into monarch's hands, like Henry VIII |
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Term
| Why did the Reformation occur? (4 reasons) |
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Definition
1. indulgences, sale of offices, and abuses of Catholic Church
2. increased power of monarchs wanted power themselves away from church
3. church's increasing wealth scoffed at
4. increasing dissolute clergy |
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Term
| 5 major figures of the Scientific Revolution |
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Definition
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton |
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Term
| 4 philosophers of the Enlightenment |
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Definition
1. Descartes: logic and observation
2. Hume: empiricism and skepticism, truth found in direct experience
3. Kant: root morality in humans
4. Rousseau: social contract: people agree to be govern so the government should protect natural rights and the people |
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Term
| Similarities between the American and French Revolutions |
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Definition
1. protest against excesses and controlling nature of their governments
2. led to development of republics |
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Term
| Differences between American and French Revolutions |
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Definition
1. America: British colonies had been left to self govern and British monarchs increased control
2. France: nobility's excesses had led to increasingly difficult economic conditions
-more violent
-led to rise of dictator, Bonaparte |
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Term
| Timeline of French Revolution (1789-1799) |
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Definition
1. 1789 King Louis XVI had parliament and Third Estate
2. King's resistance led to storming of the Bastille
3. King and Marie executed by guillotine
4. Reign of Terror: led by Robespierre, killing nobles and enemies of the Revolution
5. Robespierre executed with Directory
6. 1799 Napoleon comes to power as a dictator |
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Term
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Definition
| rich nobles, landowners whose lands were worked by peasants and serfs |
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Term
| Causes of the Bolshevik Revolution (5) |
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Definition
-peasants demonstrated outside the Czar's winter palace and guard fired on the ground
-many union leaders and political parties started to lead strikes
-Czar Nicolas II signed October Manifesto, giving legislative power to parliament
-the Czar violated the Manifesto and disbanded Congress
-increased food shortages and poverty |
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Term
| 3 Major events of the Bolsheviks |
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Definition
1. Petrograd strike: army sided with the workers, together they formed the government system, known as soviets
2. chaos opened doors for former exiled leaders like Lenin, Stalin, and Trotsky to gain power
3. led to spread of communism elsewhere |
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Term
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Definition
began in Great Britain's coal and steam powered machinery
-increased goods produced more efficiently |
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Term
| 5 effects of the industrial revolution |
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Definition
1. turned toward colonialism
2. specialized labor
3. growing businesses
4. increased world trade
5. advanced agriculture production |
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Term
First phase of the Industrial Revolution
(5 characteristics) |
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Definition
1750-1830
1. textile industry have major changes
2. mining
3. steam engine
4. waterways improved
5. railroads |
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Term
Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution
(4 characteristics) |
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Definition
1830-1910
1. industries further improved
2. electricity more widely available
3. improved versions of old goods
4. petroleum and hydroelectric become major sources of power |
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Term
| 10 political, social, and economic effects of the revolution |
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Definition
1. widespread education
2. conflicts bt companies and employees
3. unions gained power
4. government regulation
5. populations increased
6. cities became larger
7. more efficient agriculture
8. greater supply of goods
9. increased knowledge of medicine and sanitation
10. better overall health |
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Term
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Definition
strong belief in identifying and allegiance to a particular nation
-unified nations
-nations seek to grow
-side effects of war and conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand shot by Serbian national |
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Term
| Allies and Central Powers |
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Definition
Allies:
-Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Japan, and U.S.
Central powers:
-Autsria-Hungary
-Germany
-Turkey |
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Term
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Definition
fighting took place in trenches along eastern and western fronts during WWI
-fronts stretched 400 miles from Belgium to Switzerland
-open air stretches, supporting lines, and communications lines |
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Term
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Definition
concerned with focus on public ownership and distribution of goods and services
-works towards a revolution by drawing on what seems to be class divisions, usually with the lower classes overthrowing the upper classes and capitalism |
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Term
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Definition
concerned with public ownership and distribution of goods and services
-uses democratic procedures and builds on the existing order
-became more common after WWII
-sees Industrial capitalism as oppressive |
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Term
| 4 causes for the Rise of the Nazi Party |
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Definition
1. Great depression devastated Germany's economies
2. US no longer able to supply loans to help the country regain its footing
3. dissatisfaction with the government
4. rise of fascist and communist parties who promise change and improvement |
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Term
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Definition
lighting war, fast and powerful surprise attacks that make it impossible for victims to retaliate
-used against Germany's foes in WWII |
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Term
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Definition
intense raids by German air force against the RAF in Britain, targeting ports and air forces bases
-RAF blocked Luftwaffe, and ended German hopes of conquering Britain |
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Term
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Definition
Allied Forces gained ground after D-Day
-Dec 1944: Hitler launches counteroffensive to retake Antwerp
-largest land battle on the war's Western front
-Dec. 16 1944-Jan. 28 1945
-Allies brought advance to a halt, crippled the German army |
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Term
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Definition
Hitler's final solution
-millions of Jews, Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, Catholics, mentally ill sent to concentration camps and slaughtered and tortured to death
-massive loss of human life and cultures |
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Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
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Definition
| UN order named genocide as a crime against humanity |
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Term
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Definition
| German officers, judges, etc. who played a part in the Holocaust on trial for crimes against humanity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Communist governments moved in disarrayed places of WWII and promised economic renewal and prosperity
2. Soviet Union backs communist regions
3. communist governments have dictatorial governments and oppressive police forces
4. tension between the Communist countries and the United Sates as communism spread
5. both sides (US and USSR) gained nuclear weapons and each other feared the other |
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Term
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Definition
successor to the League of Nations
organization to bring together countries to solve problems and also has initiating military action for peacekeeping |
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Term
| 4 causes of the Korean War |
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Definition
1. 1910 Japan annexed Korea and in 1945, US and USSR occupied the country
2. USSR controls North and US controls the south
3. UN ordered elections to unify the country but USSR refused to allow them to take place
4. North Korean troops invaded South Korea |
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Term
| significance of the Korean War |
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Definition
| The first war in which the UN played a major role in establishing troops |
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Term
| How did the Korean War end? |
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Definition
| 1953, the war ended in a truce, but no peace agreement was ever reached, and Korea remains divided |
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Term
| When did the Vietnam War begin? |
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Definition
| It used to be part of France's Indochina and France battled Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1946-1954 |
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Term
| 3 causes of the Vietnam War |
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Definition
1. Vietnam divided in N and S
2. N: communist, S: South Vietnam
3. U.S. supported South Vietnam |
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Term
| How did the Vietnam War end? |
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Definition
-ended in 1976 with the surrender South Vietnam
-South Vietnam became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
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Term
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Definition
based on the ideas that all people and nations are independent and each nation is dependent on one or more nations for production of and markets of goods, and income
-aided by tech, travel, and global economy |
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Term
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Definition
1. nonrenewable resources in high demand
2. price fluctuations
3. high oil and gas fluctuations
4. increased travel
5. increased communication
6. possible to deal with diseases in remote locations
7. allows diseases to spread via travelers |
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Term
| What is a major factor that has increased globalization? |
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Definition
The internet
-instantaneous communication and interaction between far-flung individuals, and increased awareness of happenings all over the world |
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Term
| Why are middle eastern countries crucial in international issues? |
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Definition
1. hotbed of violence
2. conflicts over resources, religion, politics continue today |
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Term
| 3 major occurrences of Genocide other than the Holocaust |
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Definition
1. Armenian genocide
2. Russian purges under Stalin
3. Rwandan genocide |
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