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| studies the human behavior and how the mind works |
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| by observing patterns and recording them in detail, psychologists can apply these patterns to make predictions on __________ ____________. |
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| 5 methods of psychological study |
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1. naturalistic observations
2. survey method
3. case studies
4. experimental
5. correlational design |
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| psychologists observe people and their natural behavior without interfering |
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| surveys are distributed among a wide range of people and the answers are correlated |
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| experimental method experimental and control groups and use of specific experiments to prove or disprove a theory |
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| concerned with relationships between variables, why one variable causes or influences another |
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founding the science of psychology through his overall interest in the working of the human mind
main focus of psychology: to discover the soul |
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states that there is a certain body of knowledge that people are born with
-this knowledge requires no learning or experience on the part of the individual |
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believed body and mind affected each other because they were separate from each other
-this took place in the pineal gland |
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direct opposition to nativism
-says that all knowledge is acquired through life experience, impressing itself on a mind and brain that are blank at the time of birth |
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| Who were 4 people that supported empiricism? |
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Definition
1. Thomas Hobbes
2. John Locke
3. David Hume
4. George Berkeley |
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| Johannes P Muller and Hermann LF von Hemholtz |
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conducted studies on sensation and perception
-discovered that it was possible to study the physical processes that work to produce mental activity |
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founder of the first psychology laboratory
worked with William Wundt |
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published the first experimental psychology journal with William James
-journal separated psychology from philosophy
-method of introspection developed |
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developed a number of theories regarding human mental processes and behaviors
-subconscious holds numerous repressed experiences and feelings
-sexual desire is motivating force |
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| Freud's 3 components of an individual's psychological makeup |
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| instinct and basic drives |
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| most conscious and producing self awareness |
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| ego: mediates the id and superego |
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| strives for perfection and appropriate behavior |
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| developed different theories of human mind, introversion, extroversion, and the existence of the collective unconscious |
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growth learning and training would always win out over any possible inborn tendencies
-any person could learn to do anything with training and experience |
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| Who developed the idea of behaviorism |
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| What is Ivan Pavlov famous for? |
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| for his experiment to condition dogs to salivate at the sound of a ringing bell |
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| What is B.F. Skinner famous for? |
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Definition
| the Skinner Box: to study conditioned responses in rats |
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developed by Max Wertheimer
-events are not considered individually, but part of a larger pattern |
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| combines schools of Freud, Jung, behaviorism, cognitive, and stimulus response |
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| the study of how social conditions affect individuals |
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| 4 stages of the human life span |
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1. infancy and childhood
2. adolescence
3. adulthood
4. old age |
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| psychologists define learning as ___________________. |
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| permanent change in behavior |
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1. classical conditioning
2. operant conditioning
3. social learning |
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| a learning process in which a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time |
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| behavior is punished or rewarded, leading to a desired long term behavior |
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| learning based on observation of others and modeling others' behavior |
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| studies the ways in which people interact and why and how they decide to interact with |
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| 4 ways that define how people interact |
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1. social perception
2. personal relationships
3. group behavior
4. attitudes |
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| how we perceive others and their behavior as we make judgements based on our own experiences and biases |
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| close relationships developed among family including the desire to have own family. |
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| people gather to form groups with similar beliefs, needs, or characteristics. |
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| feeling towards others based on individual history, experience, knowledge, and other factors |
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