Term
| Family Education and Right to Privacy Act (FERPA) |
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Definition
| Law that protects families and their rights to student's educational records. |
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Term
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Definition
| Had the idea that people have a predisposition to acquire language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain chemical that is largely affected by depression |
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Term
| Beck Depression Inventory |
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Definition
| Appropriate assessment tool to see if students are suffering from depression. |
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Term
| Antecedents - Behavior - Consequence |
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Definition
| Steps you should conduct in an FBA |
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Term
| The two main functions of a behavior |
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Definition
1. Gain something positive
2. Escape something negative |
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Term
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Definition
| represents normative information about typical human traits. 68% of people comprise the bulk (center) of the Bell Curve. |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to solve problems through reasoning. Not primarily based on previously learned facts, techniques or language. Can be referred to as nonverbal reasoning. |
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Term
| Crystallized Intelligence |
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Definition
| The ability to solve problems by applying learned facts and language. The verbal sections of IQ tests illustrate this. Catell and Horn are the chief theorists. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dynamic assessments usually have student perform a typical classroom task, typically in the natural environment that the behavior occurs. |
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Term
| Factors that can interfere with obtaining accurate test results. |
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Definition
| Motivation, fatigue, undisclosed vision or hearing difficulties, and stress. |
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Term
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Definition
| Like the Rorsharch, are supplemental parts of a battery of psychological assessment. Have low psychometric reliability. |
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Term
| Intensity, frequency, and duration |
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Definition
| The three characteristics of the behavioral analysis must show a significant negative impact on the student's classroom performance and/or social development in order to qualify for special education. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assess 5 main boundaries - verbal, perceptual, memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. Supported by the Catell-Horn model of Crystallized and Fluid intelligence. |
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Term
| Weschsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) |
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Definition
| Used to assess the cognitive abilities of children 2.6-7.3 years of age. |
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Term
| The Differential Abilities Scales (DAS) |
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Definition
| Two forms (preschool and school age). Provides 3 major cluster scores that tap Verbal, Spatial, and nonverbal abilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ages 2-85. Major domains include fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial and working memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Profound levels of mood disorder symptoms with a specific etiology, course, and outcome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific Behaviors that, when initiated, lead to desirable social outcomes for the person initiating them |
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Term
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Definition
"Big Five Theory" (Cattell and Eysenck)
1. Opennes
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism
"OCEAN" |
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Term
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Definition
3 Dimensions of Personality
1. Introversion/Extraversion
2. Neuroticism/Emotional Stability
3. Psychoticism |
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Term
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Definition
Theory: focuses on developmental differences in children's ability to take the perspective or role of another
-5 levels of perspective-taking (self-reflective role taking) |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed Systematic Desensitization - Frequently used behavior therapy procedures for reducing children's fears and phobias |
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Term
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Definition
Multiple intelligences (8)
1. Linguistic
2. Logical-mathematical
3. musical
4. spatial
5. bodily-kinesthetic
6. naturalistic
7. interpersonal
8. intrapersonal |
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Term
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Definition
| a more knowledgable individual provides supports to facilitate a learner's development. Helps student build prior knowledge and internalize new information. Goal is to help student to become independent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Difference in amount of instructional time and amount of time students are actually engaged. Engagement is needed for learning. |
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Term
| Treatment Integrity/Fidelity |
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Definition
| The degree to which the intervention is implemented as intended. |
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Term
| Accommodations (Instruction) |
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Definition
| Change how a student accesses information |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in what a student is expected to learn. |
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Term
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Definition
| Using standardized test scores as a sole determining factor for making major decisions |
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Term
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Definition
Ineffective and costly
Most commonly boys and mnority youth
Negative effects on achievement, self-concept, school dropout, and high-risk behaviors |
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Term
| Client-centered Consultation |
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Definition
Benefits only 1 client (student)
Time consuming
Consultant responsible for assessing problem and prescribing course of action |
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Term
| Consultee-centered Consultation |
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Definition
benefits the teacher by building his/her skills that might be used to help others.
Helps teachers develop new skills (best practice)
Indirect service model |
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Term
| Program centered Administrative Consultation |
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Definition
Benefits entire program/school
Ex - school psych performs an inservice for a school.
Consultant is concerned with problems surrounding the development of a new program. |
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Term
| Consultee-centered administrative model |
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Definition
Benefits many models
School psych teaches skills to other key administrators to effect change at many schools or a district. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Direct behavioral observation
2. Behavior rating scales
3. Interviews
4. Sociometric techniques - gathering info directly from within a peer group
Include parents to the greatest extent possible. |
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Term
| 5 dimensions of social skills |
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Definition
1. peer relations
2. self-management
3. academic
4. compliance
5. assertion |
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Term
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Definition
1. Prevention
2. Preparedness
3. Response
4. Recovery |
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Term
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Definition
Constellation of symptoms occurring together
(sadness, loneliness, worry, nervousness) |
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Term
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Definition
| MUST legally notify parents when aggressive actions involve students. |
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Term
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Definition
symptoms in children may be masked behind inappropirate behaviors (fighting, bed wetting, withdrawal)
Most effective psychological treatment: Cognitive Behavioral Approach |
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Term
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Definition
Warning signs: threats, plan/method/access, previous attempts, final arrangements, depression, sudden changes.
Detain a suspected suicidal student and notify parents regardless of assessment results.
Interventions:
supervise student
assign designated reporter
collaborate with crisis team
prepare re-entry to school plan |
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Term
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Definition
| Combo of symptoms that interfere with a person's ability to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy pleasurable activities. |
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Term
| Good Reliability & Validity of Assessments |
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Definition
In general, above .70
Suggested, above .80 |
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Term
| Progress monitoring instruments |
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Definition
| sensitive to small increments in skill growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Example - Instruct small group of children to imagine themselves being teased by another child and then imagine how they would respond. |
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Term
| DIBELS (Dynamic Indicators of Basic Early Literacy) |
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Definition
Looks at OnRF (onset recognition fluency)
Looks at PSF (phoneme segmentation fluency) |
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Term
| Heartland's Problem Solving Approach (consultation) |
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Definition
1. Consultation between teachers and parents
2. Consultation with other resources
3. Consultation with extended problem-solving team
4. IEP consideration |
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Term
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Definition
Behaviors driven by beliefs
Confrontation of irrational beliefs
Albert Ellis coined this! |
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Term
| General Counseling Format |
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Definition
1. Define the problem
2. Brainstorm ideas to address the problem
3. Implement plan/modification
4. Evaluate intervention's effectiveness |
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Term
| Big 5 Theory of Personality |
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Definition
Eysenck and Cattell
The five core traits interact to form human personality
1. Openness
2. Conscientiousness
3. Extraversion
4. Agreeableness
5. Neuroticism |
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Term
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Definition
Conversational
Open-ended
No set agenda |
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Term
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Definition
| Created concepts related to language aquisition |
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Term
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Definition
Interview with specific questions that must be asked.
Rigid, but comprehensive list of questions designed to arrive at a diagnosis. Standardized. |
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Term
| Semi-Structured Interview |
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Definition
| Can deviate from pre-determined questions. Focus of the interview can change, as needed. |
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Term
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Definition
Self-regulatory function of language changes with development. Children can direct their behavior using inner speech.
Internalization of cultural knowledge
ZPD
Language development = thought |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid and Crystallized intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
8 stages. Each crisis must solve one to move to next
1. Trust/mistrust
2. Autonomy/Shame and doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry/Inferiority
5. Identity/Role Confusion
6. Intimacy/Isolation
7. Generativity/Stagnation
8. Ego integrity vs Despair |
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Term
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Definition
4 stages
1. Sensorimotor (0-20. Knowledge based on physical interactions/experiences
2. Pre-operational (2-7). Symbolic play; difficulty seeing multiple points of view.
3. Concrete operational (7-11). Appropriate use of knowledge.
4. Formal Operational (adolescence to adulthood). Hypothetical and deductive reasoning. Ability to think abstractly |
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Term
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Definition
Psychoanalytic theory of counseling
Unconscious motives drive behavior
Defense Mechanisms
Sexual Desire is the primary motivational energy of human life |
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Term
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Definition
| Reality Therapy - focuses on choices people make and how they're working for them. Clients take charge by examining their own lives. |
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Term
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Definition
Wholeness and integration of thoughts.
Goal: move a person from external locus of control to internal locus of control. |
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Term
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Definition
| Existential Counseling theory. Find unique meaning of life, increase self-awareness, importance on "choice" in tough situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Social behavior, modeling, observational theory, social cognitive theory. "Bobo Doll" Experiment. |
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Term
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Definition
Hierarchy of needs. Can't have next until 1st is met.
1. Physiological
2. Safety
3. Love/belonging
4. Esteem
5. Self-actualization |
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Term
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Definition
| Person Centered Therapy with unconditional positive regard. Congruence b/w real self and actual self. People naturally seek growth and goals. Ability to change/improve is centered within the person. |
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Term
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Definition
| Records, files, documents, and other materials that contain information directly related to a student. They are maintained by an educational agency. |
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Term
| Tarasoff vs. regents of California |
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Definition
| "Duty to Warn" - responsibility of a counselor/therapist to inform 3rd parties or authorities if a client poses a threat to themselves or others. (this includes a review of previous records that might include a history of violent behavior) |
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Term
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Definition
Civil rights legislation that extends 504.
Protects from discrimination for people with disabilities in the public and private sector (including school)
Covers employment, education, housing, acces to public services and transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaining medical information from a student's health care provider requires written consent from parents. |
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Term
| Humanistic Psychological Theory |
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Definition
| behavior is influenced by one's self concept and subjective perceptions. There is a "need" for personal growth. Aligns with Maslow's hierarchy of needs and Carl Roger's work on human connections. |
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Term
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Definition
| Behavior is strongly influenced by forces within one's personality, which are usually unconscious. People are controlled by impulses, desires, and unresolved conflicts. Early experience (0-5yr) important in development. Freudian "stage" theory, and also the ig, ego, and superego. |
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Term
| Behavioristic Psychological Theory |
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Definition
| behavior is shaped by consequences and the environment. A mechanistic view of behavior and learning. People learn by associating evens with outcomes. Strong emphasis on data collection of observable behavior. Associated with BF Skinner and Pavlov. |
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Term
| Cognitive Psychological Theory |
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Definition
| concerned with a person's perception and thinking of events/people. Behavior shaped by how someone processes information and beliefs stemming from one's thinking. People learn by observing others. Consequences do not have to happen to the person for them to learn. Associated with schemas and cognitive maps, and Albert Bandura. |
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Term
| Neuro/Biological Psychological Theory |
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Definition
| Behavior is influenced by physiological, chemical and biological processes. Neurochemicals are prominent in this theory. Behavior can be reduced to the cellular or neuronal level (reductionistic theory). Associated with Dan Goleman and J. LeDoux. |
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Term
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Definition
| used to measure/rate inattention; associated with ADHD |
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Term
| Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) |
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Definition
| measure designed to asses hearing-impaired or ELL. Major domains include complex memory, verbal reasoning, and nonverbal problem solving. |
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Term
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Definition
| a desirable task can reinforce a lower level task (e.g., "you can have a cookie after you clean your room"). |
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Term
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Definition
1. is there a problem and what is it?
2. why is the problem happening?
3. what can be done about the problem?
4. did the intervention work? |
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Term
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Definition
| Is technically the square root of the variance. Reflects differences and deviations from the mean. Plus/minus one SD is approximately 68% of the population, plus/minus 2 SD is approximately 95% of the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| examines pattern of scores within traits to determine relative strengths and weaknesses. Compares scores on a test to the test taker rather than a normed group. |
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Term
| Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) |
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Definition
| used to develop confidence intervals. Represents the level of error expected and the confidence that a person's true scores fall within a certain range of scores. A SEM of 5 when someone scores 102 on a test, means that the confidence interval is plus/minus 5 on either side of 102 (97-107). |
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Term
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Definition
| mean of 0, standard deviation of 1 |
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Term
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Definition
mean of 12, SD of 3
(commonly seen on the Vineland adaptive scales measure) |
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Term
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Definition
mean of 50, SD of 10
A t-score of 65 would be above average, and 1 SD above the mean. T-scores are NOT standard scores |
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Term
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Definition
| % of people who scored at or below that score on a test |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of a test to produce similar results over time |
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Term
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Definition
| test's ability to measure what it is supposed to measure (e.g., a reading test measures reading, not math). |
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Term
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Definition
Understanding that other people have their own thoughts and points of views, as well as emotions.
Students with ASD lack this |
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Term
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Definition
Pattern of behavior that is willfull, goal-oriented, and possibly reinforced by social group.
Students choose not to conform. |
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Term
| EBD - Emotional Behavioral Disability |
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Definition
Behavior needs to be: severe, chronic, and frequent.
Taking place in school AND other setting.
Behavior/emotional responses are so different from his/her typical same-age, same-gender peers. |
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Term
| Anecdotal/Narrative Recordings |
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Definition
Descriptive observational strategy.
General impressions of behaviors.
Sequence of Information. |
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Term
| Structured/Formal Recordings |
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Definition
2 types: event & interval
Always use the simplest form.
can use more than one. |
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Term
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Definition
Focus in Individual Events.
Frequency - does something too often or too little
Latency - takes too long to start a new task
Intensity - responds too forcefully (rarely used)
Topography: Engages in behavior, but the behavior does not look right (very rarely used)
Accuracy - does behavior, but incorrectly
Duration - takes too long/short to complete a task |
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Term
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Definition
| Samples of behavior presence/absence of behavior within a certain time period (15-30 secs). Focus on portions of time engaged IN behavior. Helpful with continuous behaviors. |
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Term
| Partial Interval Time Sampling |
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Definition
| Records if behavior happened at ANYTIME in the specified interval (even if only once) |
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Term
| Whole Interval Time Sampling |
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Definition
| Score behavior if it occurred for the WHOLE interval. Good for continuous behaviors like out of seat. |
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Term
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Definition
Score behavior it if occurred at a specific moment
(every 5, 10, 15, 20 secs, look up and see if they are doing the behavior). |
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Term
| Point Interval Time Sampling |
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Definition
| Score behavior if it occurred at specific points in the interval (example: 1st 10 seconds of a 1 minute interval) |
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Term
| Criterion-referenced testing |
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Definition
| Focus on what a person knows. Has the person mastered a pre-established level of competence on some key content domain. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you have 2 observers watching the same behavior, their scores should agree with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| If you give people a test more than once, they should get about the same score each time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a test, people should respond in a consistent way to ALL of the questions. Example - people with high self-esteem should score highly on ALL self-esteem questions) |
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Term
| Alternative Form Reliability |
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Definition
| Identical tests, except for specific questions |
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Term
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Definition
| Correlate odd questions with even questions. Scores within-test items should be consistent with each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| The test measures what it is supposed to measure |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which an instrument measures the same way each time. (.90 or greater for placement decisions. .80 or higher for basic research) |
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Term
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Definition
| The degree to which the test is representative of the domain it is designed to cover. |
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Term
| Criterion-related Validity |
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Definition
Focus on prediction
2 types:
1. concurrent= degree to which the operationalization correlates with other measures of the same construct measured at the same time
2. predictive= degree to which the operationalization can predict (or correlate with) other measures of the same construct that are measured at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
The degree to which people's scores on a measure reflect the true score on the construct being studied.
2 types:
1. Discriminant- constructs should NOT be related
2. Convergent- constructs should be related |
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Term
|
Definition
Not an accurate form of validity.
If the test "looks like" it is going to measure what it's supposed to measure. |
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Term
| Comparable Validity (fairness) |
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Definition
| A fair test is one that yields comparably valid scores from person to person, group to group, and setting to setting |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
behavioral score
mean of 50; SD of 10 (never negative) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Cognitive Assessment System (CAS) |
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Definition
Based on the PASS theory of Cognitive Processing; assesses processes, not abilities.
-PASS: planning, attention, simultaneous, successive
-5-17 years; Das-Naglieri |
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Term
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Definition
Systems of Personality (Ego, personal unconscious, collective unconscious) Complexes and archtypes
4 functions: Sensing, inviting, thinking, feeling. |
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Term
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Definition
Inferiority complex. Birth Order.
Social environments shape us (not bio)
Consciousness is central. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Social and cultural forces influence Personality |
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Term
|
Definition
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (best practice)
Our belief systems cause our problems. Faulty assumptions are addressed through talk and modified through role play. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Founder of personality theories. Unconscious only if neurotic or disturbed. |
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Term
|
Definition
PASS Theory -CAS
Planning
Attention - Arousal
Simultaneous Processing
Successive Processing |
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Term
|
Definition
Personality based on "need" and "press"
TAT test |
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Term
|
Definition
Always use these
Average performance of different samples of test takers who were at various at the time the test was administered |
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Term
|
Definition
6-16:11 years; 90-109 = average range; SD of 15
Min. length of time for test-retest= 9 months |
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Term
| Beck Youth Depression Inventory |
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Definition
| Mainstream instrument that measures depression symptoms |
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Term
|
Definition
| 1st assume there may be a problem between the raters when scores are extremely discrepant |
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Term
|
Definition
50% of scores above and below the mean
-34% between mean and 1 SD above or below mean
-68% between mean and +/- 1 SD above/below the mean
-95% occur between the mean and +/- 2SD
-99% +/- 3 SD |
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Term
|
Definition
Review, Interview, Observe, Test
Instruction, Curriculum, Environment, Learner |
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Term
| Indicators of Growth and Development for Infants and Toddlers (IGDI's) |
|
Definition
Used in preschoolers
Can be used for progress-monitoring in birth to three kids |
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Term
| Significant Developmental Delay (SDD) |
|
Definition
3-6 in WI; some states- up to 9 years
Need to have 2 or more of 5 categories: cognitive, communication, physical, social-emotional, adaptive
1.5 SD below the mean
IDEA Part C-birth to three; Part B 3-6 |
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Term
|
Definition
Used in assessing EBD
Controversy regarding reliability and validity
DO NOT use as hard data! |
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Term
| Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-II) |
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Definition
4-50:11
Comprehensive
Eight subtests-2 in reading, math, language, and writing |
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Term
| Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement (WJ-III ACH) |
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Definition
Ages 2-90+
Comprehensive
23 ACH tests: reading, math, writing |
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Term
| Kaufman Test of Educational Ach. (KTEA) |
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Definition
Ages 6-22
Comprehensive
Reading, math, spelling
5 subtests
Less comprehensive than WJ-II ACH or WIAT |
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Term
|
Definition
| PL 101-476. Added TBI and Autism as new disability categories under IDEA. Added transition requirement to the IEP for students 16+. |
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Term
Education of the Handicapped Amendments
PL 99-457 |
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Definition
Provide services for birth to 3. (Part C)
Required IFSP's for eligible children and families.
Extended EAHCA's part B programs to 3-5 year olds in participating states. |
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Term
| Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHCA) |
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Definition
PL 94-142. FAPE and LRE. 1975
required schools to develop IEP's and establish procedural safeguards. |
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Term
|
Definition
Civil Rights Legislation.
Prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities. Requires schools to identify and provide educational opportunity services to students with disabilities.
1973 schools only. |
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Term
| Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT-3) |
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Definition
Screening test designed to assess basic skills of reading, math, and spelling
Ages 5-75
Acceptable screening measure for lower level cognitive skills
- we must administer more comprehensive test for in-depth analysis of skills |
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Term
| Peabody Individual Ach. Test-Revised (PIAT-R) |
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Definition
Comprehensive
Reading, math, writing, and spelling
Grades k-12; 5:0-22:11 |
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Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; 4th edition (WAIS-IV) |
|
Definition
16:0-90:11
FSIQ, VCI, PRI, PSI, WMI |
|
|
Term
| Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test (UNIT) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive and negative reinforcement result in a(n) ___________ in behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Positive and negative punishment result in a(n) ___________ in behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 Step Collaborative Strategic Planning (CSP) process |
|
Definition
1. Problem definition
2. problem analysis
3. goal setting
4. plan development and implementation
5. plan evaluation |
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