velocity

gradient

discharge

the area that contributes water to stream

tributaries feed stream, its alos known as the water shed

streams dissipate energy through erosion

transportation of sediment

deposits sediment when they run out of energy

not constant across a channel

fastest in the middle just below the surface

faster on the outside of meander than on the inside

gradient

slope of streams

higher and more velocity and more energy

higher in the head than at the mouth

makes a concave upward longitudinal profile

volume of water passing a given point per unit time

measured in ft 3/5 or m3/s

channel shape and roughness

more surface area=more friction = less energy

largersediment= rougher channel=more friction =less energy

makes v shaped valleys

cuts the channel bottom and side

disolved load

suspended load

bed load

generally invisible

has alot of groundwater

salt in the ocean is from this type of load

deposit of river sediment that advances into a body of water

looks like the Greek letter delta

deposited on the inside of stream meandercutbank

eroded bank on the inside of the stream meander

the lowest level to which a stream can erode

ultimate baselevel = sea level

lowering base level causes erosion

raising base level causes deposition

trecces

increased meanders

form when a stream cuts dowanward into its floodplain

each terecces was once a floadplain

increased meanders

dendritic

rectangular

radial

trellis

dranged

ike branches of trees

forms over uniform substrate

the most common drainage pattern

has 90 degree bed

forms over fractured , faulted rock

forms in areas with alternating resistant and less resistant rock

looks like a ladder

ex. Appalachian Mountains

network not well established

typical of recently glaciated areas

when a stream leaves its channel is a natural occurance

comes in many sizes

occur most often during spring

the typical frequency of occurrence for a flood of a given discharge

ex. a stream's 100 yrs flood occurs once during any 100 yrs

floods that occur with very little warning

typical after intense thunderstorms

ubanization means roads

buildings

parkin lot

less vegetation

less interuption

rain that hits vegetation before reaching the ground

less infilltration

more runoff

urbanization= more runoff and quicker runoff

produces larger flashier floods

ease of fluid flow through material

pore size

pore connections

larger grain sise= greater permeability

generally very slow

measured in cm/day or m/year

unsaturated zone

some air in pore spaces

surface between saturated and unsaturated zone varries during year

subded mirror of the typography ( not flat).

rock sediment from which a usable sapply of water of water can be withdrawn

good aquifers have both high porosity and high permeability

ex. sand, gravel, sandstone, limestone, dolomite and conglomerite

rock or sediment that has very low permeability

ex shale and clay

water enters stream from ground water

perenial streams e.g lemoin river

humid climate

water enter groundwater from stream

intermittent streams

dry climates

water leaves aquifer without pumping

well taps confined aquifer ( overlain by an aquitard)

has evaluatedvrecharged area where precipitation enters aquifer

pollution

subsidence

groundwater minning

saltwater encroachment or intrusion

no puriffication

water purified

flow direction can changelandfills

dry channels

minning

along coast

removing freshwater brings in saltwater

karst topoghraphy; sinking streams, sinkholes caves

water table lowers as caves form

cave decoration with dripstone may occur

common dripstone shape

soda straws

stalctites

stalogmites

kentucky

florida

china

new mexico

northeast iowa

northeast missouri