Trunk (Epaxial and Hypaxial)

Erector Spinae Group

1. Origin: ilium, post vertebrae
2. Insertion: Thoracic and cervical vertebrae, ribs
3. Action: Dorosflex back

Trunk (Epaxial and Hypaxial)

External Oblique

1. Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia and the last 9 or 10 ribs
2. Insertion: Median raphe of distal portion of sternum and linea alba from sternum to pubis
3. Action: Compresses the abdominal region

Trunk (Epaxial and Hypaxial)

Internal Oblique

1. Origin: Lumbodorsal fascia in common with the external oblique, and dorsal iliac border
2. Insertion: Linea abla in common with the external oblique and transversus abdominis
3. Action: Compresses the abdominal region

Trunk (Epaxial and Hypaxial)

Transversus abdominis

1. Origin: From the costal cartilages of the posterior ribs, transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae and ventral border of the ilium
2. Insertion: Linea alba in common with the two obliques
3. Action: Compresses the abdomen

Trunk (Epaxial and Hypaxial)

Rectus abdominis

1. Origin: Pubis
2. Insertion: First and second costal cartilage and proximal end of sternum
3. Action: Compresses the abdominal region, pulls sternum and ribs caudally, causing flexion of the trunk

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Pectoantebrachialis

1. Origin: Manubrium of the sternum
2. Insertion: Flat tendon into the superficial fascia of the antebrachium above the elbow
3. Action: Draws forelimb toward the midline

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Pectoralis Major

1. Origin: Cranial half of the sternum and midventral raphe
2. Insertion: Proximal two-thirds of the shaft of the humerus
3. Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline and turns the manus foward

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Pectoralis Minor

1. Origin: From the six sternebrae and sometimes the xiphoid process resulting in the appearance of several slips that appear to be separate muscles
2. Insertion: Ventral border of the humerus
3. Action: Draws the forelimb toward the midline

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Xiphihumeralis

1. Origin: Median raphe in the vicinity of the xiphoid process
2. Insertion: Along the ventral border of the humerus
3. Action: Synergistic with the pectoralis minor in drawing the forelimb toward the midline

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Acromiotrapezius

1. Origin: Middorsal line from the spine of the axis to the spinous process of the fourth thoracic vertebra
2. Insertion: Metacromion process and spine of the scapula
3. Adduct and stabilize the position of the scapulae

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Spinotrapezius

1. Origin: May originate from the spinous processes of the most of the thoracic vertebrae
2. Insertion: Fascia of supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles on either side of the spine
3. Action: Pulls the scapula dorsally and caudally

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Clavotrapezius

1. Origin: Lambdoidal ridge, middorsal raphe over spine of the axis
2. Insertion: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
3. Action: Protracts the humerus

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Clavobrachialis

1. Origin: Clavicle and raphe between clavotrapezius and clavobrachialis
2. Insertion: Commonly inserted with the brachialis on the medial surface of the ulna distal
3. Action: Flexes the forearm

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Brachiocephalicus

Clavotrapezius

+

Clavobrachialis

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Latissimus Dorsi

1. Origin: Neural spines of the fourth or fifth thoracic to the sixth lumbar vetebrae
2. Insertion: Medial surface of the humerus at the proximal end
3. Action: Pulls forelimb dorsocaudally

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Levator scapulae ventralis

1. Origin: By two heads from the ventral surface of the transverse process of the atlas and from the basioccipital near the tympanic bulla
2. Insertion: The two heads unite, forming a flat band that inserts onto the ventral boreder of the metacromion of the scapula and into the infraspinous fossa
3. Action: Pulls scapula cranially

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (Superficial)

Rhomboideus

1. Origin: Nuchal crest, spinous processes of the thoracic and cervical vertebrae
2. Insertion: Dorsal border of the scapula
3. Action: Retract and adduct scapula; stabilize shoulder

Shoulder and Upper Forelimb (DEEP)

Infraspinatus

1. Origin: From the surface of the infraspinous fossa
2. Insertion: Lateral surface of the greater tuberosity of the humerus
3. Action: Rotates the humerus laterally

1. Origin: From the entire surface of the supraspinous fossa
2. Insertion: Greater tuberosity of the humerus
3. Action: Protracts the humerus

1. Origin: Cranial border of the scapula
2. Insertion: Proximal end of the humerus
3. Action: Retracts the humerus and rotates it medially

1. Origin: Acromion of the scapula
2. Insertion: Surface of the spinodeltoid muscle
3. Action: Retracts the humerus and rotates it laterally

1. Origin: Spine of the scapula
2. Insertion: Deltoid ridge of the humerus
3. Action: Synergistic action with the acromiodeltoid in the retracting of the humerus and rotating it outward

1. Origin: By a tendon above the glenoid fossa of the scapula
2. Insertion: By a tendon on the radial tuberosity
3. Action: Flexes the forearm synergistically with the brachialis; tends to supinate the manus and stabilizes the shoulder joint

1. Origin: Lateral surface of the humerus
2. Insertion: Lateral surface of the ulna near the semilunar notch
3. Action: Flexes the forearm or antebrachium and is synergistic with the biceps brachii

1. Origin: Humerus
2. Insertion: Styloid of the second metacarpal
3. Action: Extends the manus

1. Origin: (1) lateral head-deltoid ridge of proximal end of humerus;(2) long head-near glenoid fossa of axillary border of scapula; (3) medial head-consists of three parts, all of which originate from the humerus
2. Insertion: By a common strong tendon onto the surface of the olecranon of the ulna
3. Action: Extends the forearm

Lower Forelimb

Carpal Extensors

1. Origin: Lateral epicondyle and distolateral humerus above lateral epicondyle.
2. Insertion: Base of metacarpals 2,3,&5
3. Action: Dorsoflex hand

1. Origin: Disolateral humerus above lateral epicondyle
2. Insertion: Proximal phalanges 2-5
3. Action: Extend digits

1. Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus,olecranon
2. Insertion: Base of metacarpals 2,3; ulnar side of carpals
3. Action: Ventroflex hands

1. Origin: Superficial head-medial epicondyle of the humerus; deep head-tendon of two humeral heads of the flexor digitorum profundus
2. Insertion: The tendons of the two heads pass under the flexor retinaculum and insert on the middle of the phalanx of digits 2-5
3. Actions: Flex the digits

1. Origin: Radial border of the ulna (ulnar head), radius, interosseous ligament between the radius and the ulna (radial head), medial epicondyle of the humerus (three humeral heads)
2. Insertion: Five tendons join at the wrist to form a strong, wide white, glistening band that subdivides into five tendons to insert on the bases of the distal phalanx of digits 1-5
3. Action: Flexes all digits

1. Origin: Ulna
2. Insertion: Radius
3. Action: Rotates the radius synergistically with the pronator teres

1. Origins: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
2. Insertion: Medial border of the radius
3. Action: Pronation of the manus by rotating the radius

1. Origin: From stabilizing elbow ligament and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
2. Insertion: Fibers pass obliquely to insert on the proximal third of the radius
3. Action: Supinates the forearm synergistically with the brachioradialis

1. Origin: Ventrolateral surface of the ulna and dorsal surface of the radius
2. Insertion: On the radial side of the metacarpal
3. Action: Extends and abducts the pollex (thumb, digit 1)

1. Origin: Crest and ventral border of the ilium
2. Insertion: Patella, tibia and fascia of the knee
3. Action: Adducts and rotates the femur;extends the shank

1. Origin: Ischial tuberosity
2. Insertion: Tibia and patella
3. Action: Abducts thigh and flexes shank

Quadriceps Complex:

1. Origin: Greater trochanter and adjacent area of the femur
2. Insertion: In common with the vastus medialis and rectus femoris
3. Action: Extends shank

Quadriceps complex:

1. Origin: Ilium near the acetabulum
2. Insertion: In common with the vastus medialis and lateralis
3. Action: Extends shank

Quadriceps complex:

1. Origin: Femur
2. Insertion: Crosses the patella and inserts by means of the patellar ligament on the tibial tuberosity
3. Action: Extends shank

Quadriceps complex:

1. Origin: Femur
2. Insertion: In common with the other three members of this complex
3. Action: Extends the shank

1. Origin: Symphysis of the ischium and the pubis
2. Insertion: A think aponeurosis on the meial surface of the tibia and the continuous with the fascia of the shank.
3. Action: Adducts and retracts the leg

1. Origin: Ischial tuberosity and adjacent area of the ischium
2. Insertion: Medial epicondyle of the femur and adjacent medial surface of the tibia
3. Action: Extends the thigh

1. Origin: Pubis and ischium
2. Insertion: Femur
3. Action: Adducts thigh

1. Origin: Ischial tuberosity
2. Insertion: Tibia
3. Action: Flexes the shank

1. Origin: Last sacral and first caudal vetebrae, as well as adjacent fascia
2. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
3. Action: Abducts the thigh

Hip and Upper Hindlimb

Gluteus Medius

1. Origin: Crest and lateral surface of the ilium, last sacral and first caudal vertebrae and adjacent fascia
2. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
3. Action: Abducts the thigh

Hip and Upper Hindlimb

Gluteus Minimus

1. Origin: Lateral surface of the ilium
2. Insertion: Greater trochanter of the femur
3. Action: Abducts and rotates the thigh outward

Hip and Upper Hindlimb

Caudofemoralis

1. Origin: Transverse processes of second and third caudal vertebrae
2. Insertion: Thin tendon along the lateral border of the patella
3. Action: Abducts the thigh and extends the shank

Hip and Upper Hindlimb

Tensor fasciae latae

1. Origin: Ilium, fascia of surrounding hip muscles
2. Insertion: By fascia lata. The fascia lata on the surface of the patella
3. Action: Helps extend the shank

Lower Hindlimb

Tibialis cranialis

1. Origin: Proximal end of the tibia and fibula
2. Insertion: Medial surface of the first metatarsal after passing beneath the extensor retinaculum
3. Action: Flexes the pes

1. Origin: Lateral epicondyle of the femur
2. Insertion: After passing under the extensor retinaculum, the tendon, inserts on the dorsal surface of the second and third phalanges of digits 2-5
3. Action: Extends the digits and flexes the pes

1. Origin: Head and lateral surface of the fibula
2. Insertion: Proximal ends of all five metatarsals
3. Action: Extends the pes

1. Origin: Lateral surface of the fibula
2. Insertion: Its tendon lies on the groove of the lateral mallelous and passes along the lateral margin of the foot and inserts on the first phalanx of the fifth digit
3. Action: Flexes pes and abducts and extends the fifth digit

1. Origin: Fibula
2. Insertion: Note that the tendon of peroneus brevis passes in common with the tendon of peroneus tertius within the groove of the lateral malleolus and inserts on the base of the fifth metatarsal.
3. Action: Extends the pes

1. Origin: Fibula and tibia
2. Insertion: A common, broad tendon dividing into four discrete tendons that insert on the base of the terminal phalanx of each toe.
3. Action: Flexes toe and pes(foot)

1. Origin: Fibula and Tibia
2. Insertion: In common with the flexor digitorum longus
3. Action: Flexes toes and pes (foot)

1. Origin: Fibula, tibia, and adjacent aponeurosis
2. Insertion: Plantar surface of the navicular and medial cuneiform
3. Action: Extends the pes

1. Origin: From the sesamoid above the lateral epicondyle of the femur and patella
2. Insertion: By way of the Achilles tendon in common with the gastrocnemius
3. Action: Acts synergistically with the gastrocnemius and the soleus to extend the pes

1. Origin: Fibula
2. Insertion: In common with the tendon of the gastrocnemius and contributes to the formation of the Achilles tendon
3. Action: Synergistic extension of the pes with the gastrocnemius and plantaris

1. Origin: Lateral and medial epicondyle of femur
2. Insertion: Calcaneal tuber
3. Action: Extends foot

1. Origin: From the zygomatic arch
2. Insertion: Masseteric fossa and adjacent portions of the mandible
3. Action: Elevation of mandible; close jaw, pull jaw forward and side to side

Head

Temporalis

1. Origin: Most fibers originate from the temporal bone and a few from the zygomatic arch; temporalis fossa
2. Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible
3. Action: Elevation of mandible;close jaw pull jaw backward

Head

Digastric

1. Origin: From the mastoid and jugular processes
2. Insertion: Medial vental border of the mandible
3. Action: Open jaw

Head

Pterygoideus

1. Origin: Pterygoid fossa
2. Insertion: Medial surface of angular process on dentary
3. Action: Close jaw