Term
| function of sensory receptors |
|
Definition
| detect changes in the body's internal/external environment |
|
|
Term
| two broad groups of senses |
|
Definition
1. general senses
2. special senses |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of special senses |
|
Definition
gustation (taste)
olfaction (smell)
vision
audition (hearing)
equilibrium |
|
|
Term
| 5 types of general senses |
|
Definition
touch
temperature
pain
chemical and pressure detection
body position (equilibrium) |
|
|
Term
| general senses have _______ pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| special senses have ______ pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each sensory neuron is wrapped in a ... |
|
Definition
| sheath of connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| each sensory neuron monitors a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the neuron of a receptive field is connected to |
|
Definition
| a specific area of the sensory cortex. |
|
|
Term
| the neural connection between the neuron of a receptive field and a specific area of the sensory cortex is called a ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are similar to bursts of messages over a telegraph wire. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the name for the pattern of action potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ is the projection of pain to another part of the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory receptors monitor their field by 2 methods: |
|
Definition
1. tonic receptors
2. phasic receptors |
|
|
Term
| Tonic receptors are active how often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of tonic receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phasic receptors are active how often? |
|
Definition
| only when stimulated; usually inactive |
|
|
Term
| an example of a phasic receptor is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptors of body position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 types of proprioceptors |
|
Definition
1. muscle spindle receptors
2. golgi tendon organs |
|
|
Term
| muscle spindle receptors are where and do what? |
|
Definition
| in muscles; inform brain about muscle tension |
|
|
Term
| golgi tendon organs are where and do what? |
|
Definition
| in tendons near joints; inform brain about joint position |
|
|
Term
| ____ sense changes in temperature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pressure receptors are aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ monitor changes in concentrations of chemicals in body fluids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tactile corpuscles are aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are nerve endings sensitive to touch and located in dermal papillae of skin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tactile disks are where and do what? |
|
Definition
| embedded in epidermis and are very responsive to touch |
|
|
Term
| free nerve endings are the ______ mechanisms for receptors and are made of _____ |
|
Definition
| simplest; tips of sensory-neuron dendrites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain receptors in epidermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dendrites of sensory neurons wrapped around hair roots. |
|
|
Term
| _____ detect changes in blood pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lamellated corpuscles
2. ruffini corpuscles |
|
|
Term
| lamellated corpuscles are aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| touch receptors in fingers are _____ densely packed than those on the back. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two-point discrimination test |
|
Definition
| used to map distribution of touch receptors in skin |
|
|
Term
| olfactory receptors are located in_____ lining the roof of the nasal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sniffing increase our sense of smell? |
|
Definition
| pulls air higher into nasal cavity, where olfactory receptors are found |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of cells in olfactory epithelium |
|
Definition
1. olfactory receptor cells
2. basal cells
3. supporting cells |
|
|
Term
| olfactory receptor cells are |
|
Definition
| bipolar neurons with many cilia that are sensitive to airborne molecules |
|
|
Term
| olfactory epithelium is attached to underlying layer of tissue called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lamina propria contains ____ which do ____. |
|
Definition
| olfactory glands (aka bowman's glands); secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
| how is a substance smelled? |
|
Definition
1. volatile molecules diffuse through air from substance through nose.
2. once in nose, molecules diffuse through mucus secreted by olfactory glands.
3. they then stimulate cilia of olfactory receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| olfactory nerve enters brain at the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfactory bulb attaches to _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| olfactory tract travels through _____, where olfactory cortex is located. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| olfactory pathway has synapses in the ______ and ______. this explains strong emotional responses associated with olfaction. |
|
Definition
| hypothalamus; limbic system |
|
|
Term
| True or False? You can taste all sensations on all parts of tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors for gustation are located in the _____ covering the surface of the tongue, the pharynx, and the soft palate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste buds are inside _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of taste buds are |
|
Definition
1. circumvallate papillae
2. fungiform papillae
3. filiform papillae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small hair on each gustatory cell projecting through a small taste pore |
|
|
Term
| three nerves that carry sensory info from taste buds to brain |
|
Definition
1. vagus nerve
2.facial nerve
3. glossopharangeal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glossopharangeal nerve connects to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| retina of eye has 2 types of photoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| night vision; black and white |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bright light; color vision |
|
|
Term
| lateral canthus/medial canthus |
|
Definition
| slits where upper and lover lid meet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in medial canthus; secretes sleep and contains modified and sebaceous sweat glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| levator palpebrae superioris |
|
Definition
| muscle that raises upper lid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers underside of eyelids; part of ocular conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| over anterior surface of eyeball; part of palpebral conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of eyelashes and eyebrows |
|
Definition
| protect eye from foreign objects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of conjunctiva that can be caused by bacteria, dust, smoke or air pollutants |
|
|
Term
| 4 parts of lacrimal apparatus |
|
Definition
1. lacrimal glands
2. lacrimal canals
3. lacrimal sac
4. nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of eyeball (out to in) |
|
Definition
1. fibrous tunic
2. vascular tunic
3. neural tunic (retina) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small passageway that drains fluid into veins in the sclera |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior part of vascular tunic |
|
|
Term
| anteriorly, the vascular tunic is modified into the _______ and the _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 structures of ciliary body |
|
Definition
1. ciliary process
2. ciliary muscle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| series of folds with thin suspensory ligaments extending to the lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 muscles change diameter of pupil to regulate light intake |
|
Definition
1. constrictor muscles
2. dilator muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| photoreceptors are stimulated by |
|
Definition
| photons (particles of light) |
|
|
Term
| optic disk is called a "_____" because there are no photoreceptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where the optic nerve exits the eyeball |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of high cone density |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depression in center of macula lutea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is fovea the area of sharpest vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal 20/20 vision is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eye that focuses an image in front of retina is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eye that focuses an image behind the retina is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| poor vision due to irregularly shaped cornea or lens |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| eye lens changes shape to focus light on the retina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ciliary muscles relax and lens is flat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ciliary muscles contract; lens is curved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| farsightedness b/c lens loses elasticity and can't focus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 mechanisms used to fixate on objects in your visual field |
|
Definition
1. voluntary fixation
2. involuntary fixation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows you to focus and "lock" on an object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows you to keep object in sight once it has been found |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of involuntary movements |
|
Definition
1. tremors
2. slow drifts
3. flicking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large, slow movements used to follow a moving object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jumping eye movements when reading or looking out of moving car |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. external ear
2. middle ear
3. inner ear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ear wax secreted by _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flow of sound waves through ear |
|
Definition
tympanic membrane vibrates-->
malleus-->incus-->stapes-->
pushes against oval window |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. malleus
2. incus
3. stapes |
|
|
Term
| 3 compartments of inner ear |
|
Definition
1. cochlea
2. vestibule
3. semicircular canals |
|
|
Term
| semicircular canals enclose receptors in ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the membraneous layrinth is filled with ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the semicircular canals are positioned _____ to each other. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| area between semicircular canals and cochlea |
|
|
Term
| membraneous labyrinth contains 2 sacs called the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the utricle and saccule contain ______, receptors for static equilibrium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the only portion of the inner ear that has to do with hearing is the _______. All else has to do with balance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cochlear duct consists of 3 parts |
|
Definition
1. hair cells
2. supporting cells
3. tectorial membrane (gelatinous membrane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tympanic membrane is examined with an ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| receptors for equilibrium are where? |
|
Definition
| membraneous labyrinth of vestibule of inner ear |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the receptor for dynamic equilibrium and responds to such movements as tilting the head. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ are receptors for static equilibrium and sense changes in body position relative to gravity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what usually results in loss of balance? |
|
Definition
| a loss of visual references |
|
|
Term
| a loss of visual references usually result in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex movement of eyes in an attempt to maintain balance |
|
|
Term
| what is the movement of eyes like when the head moves, for example to the right? |
|
Definition
| the eyes first move slowly to the left and then quickly jump to the right and fix on a stationary object |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| volume (how high waves are) |
|
|
Term
| 6 steps in production of auditory sensation |
|
Definition
1. sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane
2. movement of T.M. causes displacement of auditory ossicles
3. mvmt of stapes at oval window causes pressure waves
4. pressure waves distort basilar membrane on way to round window
5. vibration of basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against tectorial membrane
6. info about region/intensity of stimulation is sent to CNS |
|
|
Term
| deep (low-frequency) sounds have ____ sound waves that stimulate distal portion of basilar membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| high-pitch (high-frequency) sounds have ____ waves that stimulate the basilar membrane close to the oval window. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is conduction deafness? |
|
Definition
| damage to either tympanic membrane or auditory ossicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| damage to either cochlea or cochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| what 2 systems regulate homeostasis? |
|
Definition
1. nervous system
2. endocrine system |
|
|
Term
| what are endocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| glands that produce hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any cells that contain receptors for hormones |
|
|
Term
| what is negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| stimulus causing a response that either reduces or removes the stimulus (opposite of stimulus). example: AC system |
|
|
Term
| example in body of negative feedback? |
|
Definition
| regulation of insulin, hormone in pancreas that lowers blood sugar concentration. when blood sugar levels are high, pancreas secretes insulin which lowers blood sugar concentration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infundibulum? |
|
Definition
| stalk in brain that attaches pituitary gland to hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| which gland is called the "master gland?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| function of pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
| produce hormones that control activity of other endocrine glands |
|
|
Term
| 2 lobes of pituitary gland |
|
Definition
1. anterior lobe
2. posterior lobe |
|
|
Term
| anterior lobe of pituitary gland is aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the main portion of the pituitary gland is the ____ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| narrow portion of pituitary gland that wraps around infundibulum is the _____ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ _____ is found in the interior of the pituitary gland, forming a boundary between the two lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is aka the _________ or the ___ ___. |
|
Definition
| the neurohypophysis; pars nervosa |
|
|
Term
| function of posterior lobe of pituitary gland (neurohypophesis)? |
|
Definition
| to store and release antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT), which are both produced in the hypothalamus and then passed down the infundibulum to the neurohypophesis. |
|
|
Term
| the _____ (lobe) of the pituitary gland has more cells and is darker in color |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the _____ (lobe) of the pituitary gland consists of axons and appears much lighter in color. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ______ is the mass that separated the two lobes of the thyroid gland. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a glycoprotein substance that stores thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 cells produced by thyroglobulin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what causes hyperthyroidism? |
|
Definition
| when thyroid gland produces too much T4 and T3. |
|
|
Term
| parathyroid glands are mostly composed of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parathyroid glands produce what? |
|
Definition
| PTH aka parathyroid hormone |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of PTH in the parathyroid gland? |
|
Definition
| it is antagonistic to calcitonin in thyroid gland and increases blood calcium level. |
|
|
Term
| the thymus gland undergoes ______, meaning it gets smaller as we age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| one hormone produced by the thymus gland is _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of tymosin? |
|
Definition
| essential in development and maturation of immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 major regions of adrenal gland? |
|
Definition
1. outer adrenal cortex
2. inner adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
| 3 layers of adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculata
3. zona reticularis |
|
|
Term
| ____ is the collection of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adrenal medulla is regulated by what? |
|
Definition
| sympathetic neurons from the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| 2 hormones released by adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
1. E (epinephrine)
2. NE (norepinephrine) |
|
|
Term
| pancreas is called a "____ ____" because it performs both endocrine and exocrine functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do acinar cells secrete? |
|
Definition
| pancreatic juice for digestive process |
|
|
Term
| pancreatic islets secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 types of endocrine cells |
|
Definition
1. alpha cells
2. beta cells
3. delta cells
4. F cells |
|
|
Term
| alpha cells secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| beta cells in pancreas secrete what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| intersticial cells are what? |
|
Definition
| endocrine cells that secrete male sex hormone testosterone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the graafian follicle? |
|
Definition
| temporary endocrine structure that secretes estrogen |
|
|
Term
| after ovulation, the ruptured graafian follicle becomes the __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| corpus luteum secretes what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 parts of the lymphatic system |
|
Definition
1. lymphatic vessels
2. lymph nodes
3. tonsils
4. spleen
5. thymus gland |
|
|
Term
| lymphatic vessels do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the flow of circulation of lymph? |
|
Definition
| pressure in capillaries force fluid out into interstitial spaces-->interstitial fluid bathes cells-->osmotic pressure forces interstitial fluid back into capillaries--> the rest becomes lymph in lymphatic system-->lymph travels through lymphatic vessels to lymph nodes-->phagocytes remove microbes/abnormal cells-->pair of lymphatic ducts join with veins near heart and return lymph to blood |
|
|
Term
| approximately ___ of fluid per day are forced out of capillaries and flow through lymphatic system as lymph |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lymphatic vessels are aka |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. right lymphatic duct
2. thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| most of lymph is returned to circulation by ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cisterna chyli |
|
Definition
| where thoracic duct begins |
|
|
Term
| 2 major groups of lymphatic structures in connective tissues |
|
Definition
1. encapsulated lymph organs
2. diffuse lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions like a filter cartridge, using phagocytes to remove microbes and other stuff from lymph |
|
|
Term
| lymphoid nodules are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lingual tonsils
2. palatine tonsils
3. pharyngeal tonsils |
|
|
Term
| pharangeal tonsils are called what when swollen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____ is the largest lymphatic organ in your body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| white pulp of spleen contains what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| red pulp of spleen contains what? |
|
Definition
| free and fixed phagocytes |
|
|
