Ghlamydomonas, Gonium, Pandorina, Eudorina, Volvox

Cytoplasmic strands extending to hold ball of cells together

Asexual growth (autocolony)

Coenobium

• Cyanophyte
• Unicellular or colonial
• Single, simple, very small cells
• Chroococcales and Spirulina
  

• O. Chroococcales
• Simple trichomes w/o sheath
• Heterocysts form at the end of trichomes

Centers of nitrogen-fixation

Develop in nitrogen-poor environments

Anaerobic since nitrogenase is inhibited by oxygen

Cyanobacteria sexual reproduction cells

Form under environmentally stressful conditions

• O. Oscillatoriales
• Straight or slightly curved trichomes
• Barrel-shaped cells
• Move by oscillating or gliding

• O. Oscillatoriales
• Causes rash if dries on skin from toxic compounds produced by cells
• One trichome/sheath
• Looks like pubes

• Cyanophyta
• Prokaryotes
• Unicellular, filamentous, or colonial
• Heterocysts & akinetes 
• Advanced ones are multiseriate w/dimorphic cells & true branching

• Nucleus
• Chloroplasts
• Mitochondria

• DNA & RNA
• Pigments
• Thylakoids/enzymes for photosynthesis
• Respiratory
• Small ribosome
• Gram - cell walls
• Storage molecules
• May have gas vacuoles

• Unicellular, filamentous, or colonial
• Simple and cell differentiation separate evolutionary lineages

• Oscillatoria
• Lyngbya
• Symploca

• O. Oscillatoriales
• Filamentous

• Anabena
• Nostoc
• Tolypothrix
• Scytonema
• Stigonema
• Hapalosiphon

• O. Nostocales
• Symbiotic with Azolla
• Filamentous
• Heterocysts
• Akinetes
• Anal beads

• O. Nostocales
• Aggregated filaments
• Also called "star jelly" because it swells up ginormous after a rain

• O. Nostocales
• False branching
• One false branch protruding from sheath
• Due to cell death or formation of necridium
• Usually next to heterocyst
• Filamentous

• O. Nostocales
• False branching
• 2 branches form
• Loop forms & protrudes through sheath, eventually breaking in the middle & 2 branches form
• Filamentous

• O. Nostocales
• True branching
• Usually multiseriate thalli
• Filamentous

• O. Nostocales
• True branching
• Filamentous

• Chlamydomonad type cells
• Eye spot
• Coenobium
• Uninucleate

• Haploid adults
• Zygotic meiosis
• Autocolony formation
• Share motile gametes

• O. Chlamydomonadales
• Flagella
• + & - strain gametes (isogamous)
• Pyrenoid

• O. Chlamydomonadales
• Usually 16 cells (sometimes 8-32)
• Autocolony

• O. Chlamydomonadales
• Intermediate stage in colony formation
• 16-32 cells arranged in tiers
• Cells all the same size

• O. Chlamydomonadales
• Intermediate colony form
• Different cell sizes 

• O. Chlamydomonadales
• Coenobium
• Expansion through cell growth & turgor pressure, not adding new cells

• Unicellular
• Non-motile adults
• Uninucleate

• O. Chlorellales
• Closely related to chlamydia
• Cells become non-motile as adults
• Small
• Round
• Large chloroplasts
• Thick cell wall
• Lack flagella

• Multicellular
• Non-motile
• Colonial
• Biflagellated swimming cells similar to chlamydia

• Multinucleate
• FW
• Cylindrical cells form polygonal nets
• Coenobium

• Flat, uniseriate coenobium
• Horny little bowties
• Autocolony formation in the cell wall of vegetative adult cell
• Protoplasm of multinucleate cell cleaves into biflagellate spores that are released, swim away, and settle into pattern mirroring original colony shape

1. Haploid adult entity produces gametes through mitosis
2. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
3. Zygote goes through meiosis to form haploid spores
4. Haploid spores grow up into haploid adult entities

(No diploid adult form, only fleeting diploid zygote)

1. Haploid adult forms gametes through mitosis
2. Gametes fuse to form diploid zygote
3. Zygote goes through mitosis to grow into diploid entity (sporophyte)
4. Diploid adult goes through mitosis to get bigger
5. Diploid adult goes through meiosis to make haploid spores
6. Haploid spores grow up into adult haploid entity (gametophyte)

(Both diploid and haploid adult forms)

1. Diploid entity produces gametes through meiosis 
2. Gametes fuse to create zygote
3. Zygote goes through repeated mitosis to become diploid adult

(This is the life history we do; no distinct haploid adult)

• Simple, parenchymatous algae
• Parietal chloroplasts w/ pyrenoids
• Uninucleate
• Multicellular
• Rhizoids for attachment
• Motile isokont gametes
• Sporic meiosis

• O. Ulvales
• Foliose blade
• Distromatic

• O. Ulvales
• Different form of Ulva
• Hollow, tubular unieriate form

• Multinucleate
• Multicellular
• Filamentous
• With or without branching
• Typically large cells

• O. Cladophorales
• Filamentous
• Multinucleate
• Thick cell walls
• Large cells branching from main axis
• Many small nuclei/cell
• One large chloroplast/cell
• Apical growth
• Cross-walls at each branch
• Uniseriate

• O. Cladophorales
• Unbranches
• Filamentous
• Multinucleate

• O. Cladophorales
• Multinucleate mesh of connecting cells
• Reticulate (netlike)

• Exclusively marine
• Multicellular thalli
• Segregative cell division

• Complex Cladophorales
• Endogenous division
• Multinucleate
• Multicellular
• Sporic meiosis

• Complex Cladophorales
• Bladderlike multinucleated cells
• Exogenous segregative cell division
• Any cell can form biflagellate gametes
• V. ventricosa = sailor's eyeball
• V. aegagropila = one we found

• Complex Cladophorales
• Exogenous segregative division

• Complex cladophorales
• Filamentous
• Multinucleate
• Irregular branching; may or may not be cross-walls at branches

• 3D mesh
• Uniseriate 
• Filamentous
• Branches secondarily attached
• Spongy/mat-like 

• Siphonous green algae
• Multinucleate
• Unicellular
• Uniaxial or multiaxial forms
• Gametic meiosis except Bryopsis, which does sporic

• O. Bryopsidales
• Feather-like
• Uniaxial
• Unicellular (arguably acellular)
• Cytoplasm can migrate from one end of the cell to the other
• Sporic meiosis

• O. Bryopsidales
• Uniaxial
• Thalli w/ prostrate runner w/ upright axes
• Photosynthesis
• Gamete production
• Anchored by rhizoidal outgrowths
• Holocarpic reproduction
• Gametic meiosis

• O. Bryopsidales
• Medulla (inside) may be colorless 
• Pigmented cortex (photosynthetic outer margins)
• Multiaxial
• No cross-walls
• Thallus has many siphons
• Utricles
• Gives rise to gametangia

• O. Bryopsidales
• Calcified cortex
• Discs calcified
• Multiaxial
• Not calcified where discs connect to axes 
• Provides extra flexibility
• Holocarpic reproduction

• O. Bryopsidales
• Perennial
• Rugged base
• Upright blades
• Multiaxial
• Flabellate (fan-shaped)

• O. Bryopsidales
• Tiny, fan-shaped blade
• Multiaxial

• Radial symmetry
• Erect axis bearing branches
• Uninucleate
• Becomes multinucleate right before reproduction
• Unicellular
• Vegetative thallus
• Gametangia
• Gametes form in operculate cysts
• Siphonous but unusual
• Gametic meiosis

• O. Dasycladales
• Radially arranged w/ ends of branches coming together to form an outer wall that appears continous

• O. Dasycladales
• Whorls of lateral branches enclose central axis
• Calcified
• Gametangia on interior branches on calcified portion

• O. Dasycladales
• Crown/cap of gametangia rays