Shared Flashcard Set

Details

PPP02
Environ. Analysis & Proj. Plan.
147
Architecture
Professional
02/17/2013

Additional Architecture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
With the development surplus food, religion, ceremony and leadership
Definition
When did the embryonic form of the city develop?
Term
Around the church and the market because these represented the two most important aspects of life.
Definition
What elements were medieval cities organized around?
Term
The temple and the agora (marketplace).
Definition
What elements were Greek cities organized around?
Term
Gunpowder
Definition
The star-shaped city form developed with bastions to protect the center of the city due to the invention of what substance?
Term
The Renaissance
Definition
During what period did city plans combine symmetrical order with radial layout of streets to focus on points of interest?
Term
The Industrial Revolution.  Cities became overcrowded, filthy and devoid of open space
Definition

What movement of the 18th and 19th centuries changed the emphasis of city building to the turning out of goods, which required the work force to be close to the factory?

What resulted from this change?

Term
The Garden City concept by Ebenezer Howard
Definition

What city planning concept consisted of a civic and cultural center core with other city functions raditating out from the center, including a green belt and circulation ring that separates the living and working spaces?

 

Term
Tony Garnier and the Cite Industrielle
Definition
Who developed the first city plan that emphasized the idea of zoning?  What was it called?
Term
The gridiron street system
Definition
What city planning organizational system is the most common in the United States?
Term
Washington D.C. - Pierre Charles L'Enfant - Renaissance and Baroque concepts
Definition
Which early American city broke away from the grid system planning concept?  Who was the designer?  What was it based on instead?
Term
The Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893
Definition
What created profound changes in American urban design started the 'City Beautiful' movement?
Term

New Town concept

 

Definition
What term defines the idea that entirely new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness of existing cities?
Term
  • Suburban sprawl
  • Reliance on the auto
  • Enviornmental deterioration
  • Housing segregation
  • Loss of farmland
  • Single-use development
Definition
What does the concept of 'new urbanism' try to combat?
Term
Mixed-use developments with housing, a variety of residential types, within walking distance of shops, offices and other services.  This reduces the dependence on the auto
Definition
What is one of the primary urban design features of a new urbanism neighborhood?
Term
New urbanism
Definition
What concept promotes safe streets, sustainable design principles and reuse of historicc structures, and connections to open space and natural systems?
Term
Geographic features and the layout of transportation
Definition
What two factors have generally determined the development of cities in the 20th century?
Term
The expanding grid
Definition
What term defines a city formed at the junction of two roads and is then laid out in the gridiron pattern?
Term
The star pattern
Definition
What term defines the development pattern that revolves around the urband core and the radiates in spokes of main highways or mass transit routes?
Term
The field pattern
Definition
What term defines the type of city development that has no central focus or apparent overall organization scheme?
Term
The satellite pattern
Definition
What city development term defines a central urban core with other major cores surrounding it and all are linked with major highways?
Term
The megalopolis
Definition
What city development term defines tow or more major urban centers near each other that grow together as the space between them is developed?
Term
The concept of imageability proposed by Kevin Lynch defined as: the quality of a physical environment that gives it a high probablity of evoking a strong impage in the mind of a give observer
Definition
What idea is useful for architects in linking the urban scale with the community scale?
Term
  1. Paths
  2. Edges
  3. Districts
  4. Nodes
  5. Landmarks
Definition
What are the five basic elements of the urban image as defined by Kevin Lynch?
Term
A way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move.
Definition
What is a path per the concept of imageability?
Term
Linear elements other than paths that form boundaries between two districts or that break continuity.
Definition
What are edges per the concept of imageability?
Term
Two-dimensional areas that people perceieve as having some common indentifying character and that they can enter.
Definition
What are districts per the concept of imageability?
Term
Strategic centers of interest that people can enter.
Definition
What are nodes per the concept of imageability?
Term
Similar to nodes in that they are a point of reference, but  people cannot enter them, they are viewed from the exterior.
Definition
What are landmarks per the concept of imageability?
Term
Superblock concept
Definition
What concept mimimizes the impact of the car on housing and allows the development of pedestrian circulation and park space within the block?
Term
the planned unit development (PUD)
Definition
What developed as an extension of a superblock defines various uses for a large parcel of land and often promotes mixed-use design?
Term
  • Uses permitted
  • Total floor area ratio
  • Amount of open space required
  • Parking spaces required
  • Maximum heights
  • Setbacks 
Definition
Standards for PUDs include:
Term
Excessive density as defined per cultural group
Definition
What can cause poor physical health and spawn a variety of antisocial behaviors?
Term
sociopetal
Definition
If a space, building, room or peice of furniture tends to bring people together it is defined as:
Term
sociofugal
Definition
If a space, building, room or peice of furniture tends to discourage interaction it is defined as:
Term
territoriality
Definition
A fundamental part of animal behavior that involves clamining something as yours:
Term
  • Intimate distance - ranging from physical contact to anywhere from 6-18 inches
  • Personal distance - ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 feet
  • Social distance - ranging from 4 to 12 feet
  • Public distance - ranging from 12 feet outward
Definition
What are the four basic distances that can be used to define the difference categories of personal space?
Term
defensible space
Definition
By building a low wall between the street and sidewalk and the entry to a building you create a __________and therefore option prevent the future crime or vandalism at the building.
Term
Catchment area
Definition

The surrounding base of population within a geographical region that determines land development.

 

Term
A neighborhood
Definition
What is a relatively small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities and other aspects of day-to-day living?
Term
  • Respecting pedestrian paths
  • Maintaining the size and scale of the surrounding buildings
  • Using similar or compatible materials
  • Not creating uses that conflict witht the surroundings
  • Respecting views and access to important structures
Definition
What considerations devlop sensitive and effective site design?
Term
A view analysis
Definition
What do you use to determine the most aesthetically desireable ways to orient buildings, outdoor areas and approaches to buildings?
Term
With water only 6 to 8 feet below grade, it can cause problems with excavations, foundations, utility placement and landscaping
Definition
Why are sites with high water tables undesireable?
Term
Runoff coefficient; Roof areas, roads and parking lots (aka hard, non permeable surfaces)
Definition
What is the fraction of total precipitaiton that is not absorbed into the ground?  And what elements increase this number?
Term
  • gravel
  • sands
  • silt
  • clay
Definition

Soil is divided into 4 classifications.  They are (from largest to smallest):

Term
Gravels and sands
Definition
What soils types are great for construction loads and drainage, but are unsuitable for landscaping?
Term
Clay
Definition
What soil is poor for under foundations?
Term
  • local
  • collector
  • arterial 
  • expressway

The type of roadway near a site often determines its development potenital.

Definition
What are the four basic categories of roads?
Term
Access to public transit
Definition
If possible, where should building entrances and major site features be located near?
Term
  • 10-12 feet wide
  • at least 40 feet long
  • 14' vertical clearance
  • minmum turning radius of 60'
Definition
Generally, what are the dimensions for a truck loading dock?
Term
Sanitary sewer because it uses gravity flow and is dependent upon the slope of the land
Definition
When new utility services must be installed on a site, which utility takes precendence?
Term

Macroclimate: overal climate of the region as reflected in weather data available from the National Weather Service

 

Microclimate: Site-specific modification of the macroclimate such as slope, trees and other vegetation, buildings and bodies of water.

Definition
What are the two aspects of climatic analysis for any given site?
Term
The leeward side
Definition
What is the side away from the wind direction?
Term
On the south or southeast facing slopes in the middle of the slope or towards the top.
Definition
In temperate climates, where are the best mirco-climates for wind?
Term
The fraction of radient energy received on a surface that is reflected.
Definition
What is the albedo?
Term
The time-rate of flow of heat through material
Definition
What is conductivity?
Term
Ground surfaces with low albedo and high conductivity because excess heat is quickly absorbed, stored and released when the temperature drops.
Definition
In the built environment, what kind of ground surfaces tend to moderate and stabilize the microclimate?
Term
Sustainable (or green) Design
Definition
What term encompasses the design movement that analyzes the enviromental impact of buildings and promotes energy conservation, the use of alternative energy sources, adaptive reuse, recycling and other strategies that achieve a balance between the consumption of environmental resources and the renewal of those resources?
Term
Enivormental Impact Statements (EIS) that analyze how a development will impact the environment (i.e. air quality)
Definition
What site development statements (studies) are required per the National Environmental Policy Action of 1969?
Term
  • natural landforms
  • water runoff
  • wildlife
  • existing vegetation
  • existing drainage patterns

All should be left intact as much was possible.

Definition
For rural sites the EIS should focus on the impact on:
Term
  • noise
  • pollution
  • glare
  • detrimental emissions
  • congestion
  • undersireable wind conditions
Definition
For urba sites the EIS should focus how how to minimize the production of the following:
Term
  • what site areas should not be built on (i.e. wetlands)
  • historical and cultureal qualities
  • future development
  • existing air quality
  • soil and groundwater testing for contamination
  • the presence of endangered species
Definition
What sustainablitiy issues should be considered when analyzing a site?
Term
  • give prefernces to sites with existing infrastructure
  • encourage mixed-use development
  • locate buildings near public transit
  • site the building to take advantage of wind and solar access
  • minimize solar shadows on adjacent properties
Definition
How do you sustainably choose a site location?
Term
  • minimimize the building footprint
  • design the building dimensions to optimize material use and reduce waste
  • try to use garden roofs or highly reflective materials to reduce the heat island effect
  • plan buildings to include bicycle storage and shower/changing facilities
Definition
How do you sustainably choose a building size, shape and design?
Term
  • the uses allowed on a parcel of land
  • the area of land that may be covered with buildings
  • the bulk of the structures
  • the distances the buildings must be set back from the property lines
  • parking and loading space requirements
Definition
What does zoning primarily regulate?
Term
Floor area ratio; the amount of land that can be covered in a particular site
Definition
What is the ratio of the gross square floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated? And what does this usually define?
Term
A setback
Definition
What is the term for the minimum distance a building must be placed from a property line per zoning code
Term
To ensure adequate light and air to neighboring properties and open space
Definition
What is the purpose of the bulk plane regulation?
Term
A variance
Definition
What is a deviation from a zoning regulation?
Term

An easement

  • utility 
  • access
  • support
  • joint-use
  • scenic
  • conservation
Definition
What is the term that defines the right of one party to use a portion of land of another party in a particular way?   Also list some of the types of this term.
Term
Provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer.  They are generally estabished for a certain period of years (i.e. 10, 15, 20)
Definition
What are restrictive covenants in deeds?
Term
  • location
  • potenial for profit-making use
  • local market conditions
  • demand for the land
  • proximity to transportation and utilities
Definition
What are land values generally based upon?
Term
Income Approach
Definition
What market approach is based on the potential the property has to yield profit (income).
Term
Cost Approach
Definition
Which market approach takes into account the value of highest and best use of the land, the cost to replace a building or add improvements and the estimated accrued depreciation to determine the total value of the property.
Term

$1405

 

(0.19*$150,000)(0.04931) = $1405

Definition
If the assessed valuation of developed property is based on 19% of actual value, and the mill levy is 0.04931.  If a developed piece of property is estimated to have an actual valuation of $150,000.00, what will the yearly tax be?
Term
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCC)
Definition
What is used to evaluate the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system?  (it includes the costs assocated with the purchasing, installing, maintaining and disposing of an item)
Term
  • General sales and property taxes
  • Special sales taxes
  • General obligation bonds
  • Revenue bonds
  • Public enterprise revenue bonds
  • Tax-increment financing 
  • Development impact fees
  • Subdivision Exactions
  • Special District Assessments
Definition
What are some of the methods used by government agencies to finance public work projects?
Term
Development Impact Fees
Definition
What are the costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development?
Term
  • Surveying the structure
  • Documenting the survey
  • Researching applicable regulations
  • Evaluating the information
Definition
What processes are involved in evaluating an existing structure?
Term
Zoning restrictions, easements, deed restrictions, covenants, historic preservation rules, energy conservation codes, local agency regulations and building codes.
Definition
What applicable regulations must be researched when evaluating an existing building?
Term
The Historic Preservation Service of the National Park Service
Definition
When evaluating historic structures, what national government agency is a good resource for guidelines?
Term
  • Preservation
  • Rehabilitation
  • Restoration
  • Reconstruction
Definition
If a building is identified as a historical landmark, what are the four treatment approaches that may be used?
Term
Preservation
Definition
The most historically accurate treatment, this treatment attemps to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance and repair while reflecting the buildings continuum over time.
Term
Rehabilitation
Definition
The second most historically accurate treatment, this treatment emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes the property is momre deteriorated prior to work.
Term
Restoration
Definition
The third most historically accurate treatment, this treatment focuses on the retention of materials from the most signifcant time in a property's history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods.
Term
Reconstruction
Definition
The least historically accurate treatment, this treatment allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure or object in new materials.
Term
Survey of the structural (i.e., assessment of settlement, deflection in beams, damaged structural members), mechanical and electrical systems.
Definition
Besides the historic aspects of building (i.e. materials, arch. style, etc.), what is import to evaluate when surveying a historic structure?
Term
  • Overall form
  • Materials
  • Spaces
  • Workmanship
  • Etc.
Definition
What characteristics typically define the historic character of a building?
Term
Abatement
Definition
A reduction in the price of a property due to the discovery of some problem that tends to decrease the property value.
Term
Accessory Building
Definition
A building whose fucntion is secondary to that of the main structure
Term
Amenities
Definition
Desireable features of a building or near a building that have the affect of increasing the property's value
Term
Amortization
Definition
The payment of a loan over the life of the loan using equal payments at equal intervals.  Each payment provides for a portion to be applied to the principal and the remainder to be applied to the interest.
Term
Anchor Tenant
Definition
A major tenant in shopping mall, such as a department store, that in theory serves to attract shoppers to the mall to the benefit of other, smaller stores (satellite tenant).
Term
Appraisal
Definition
An estimation of a property's value made by a qualified appraiser.
Term
Aquifer
Definition
A natural, underground reservoir from which wells draw water
Term
Assessed Value
Definition
The value given to a piece of property by a local jurisdiction, to be used to assess taxes on the property.  The assessed value is a percentage of the actual value, that is, the value that the property would command on the open market.
Term
Bedroom Community
Definition
A region or small town that contains mainly housing and offers few employment opportunities.
Term
Blighted Area
Definition
An area of the city that has been determined to contain buildings and infrastructure that are in a state of decay and in need of improvement
Term
Boilerplate
Definition
A standard portion (generally a paragraph or more) of a written document, such as a contract or architectural specification, that appears in all similar documents
Term
Buffer Zone
Definition
A piece of land used to seperate two incompatible uses
Term
Capital Expenditure
Definition
An amount of money used to make physical improvements to a property to enhance the property's value over an extended period of time
Term
Cash Flow
Definition
The amount of money that is net income from a property after expenses are paid
Term
CC & Rs
Definition
Abbreviation for "covenants, conditions, and restrictions," which are all the rules that apply to a property owner in a subdivision, condominium, or cooperative housing facility
Term
Cluster Housing
Definition
A particular type of housing development in which the houses or apartments are placed close to each other and have access to nearby common open spaces
Term
Common Area
Definition
A portion of a building or development that is available for the use of all the tenants or unit owners.  Typically, common areas are owned by the property owners in the development or homeowners' association, and property owners subsequently pay the maintenance fees.
Term
Conditional Use Permit (CUP)
Definition
A permit given by a city or other zoning jurisdiction for a proposed use that would otherwise not be allowed in a particular zoning district.  The conditional use permit provides the zoning jurisdiction with the means to impose special conditions on the proposed development, to ensure that the development will not adversely affect the surrounding neighborhood or public safety and welfare.
Term
Condominium
Definition
A development in which residents own their own living units but share common areas, which are maintained by the condominium corporation
Term
Conveyance
Definition
The act of transferring an interest in a property to another person, or the document written to formalize such a transfer
Term
Cooperative (or Co-op)
Definition
a type of land ownership where the residents of individual units own an interest in the corporation that owns the entire property.  Unlike the residents of condominiums, the residents of a cooperative do not own their own units directly
Term
Cul-de-sac
Definition
A dead-end street that has only one way in and often features a large circular turnaround space at the end
Term
Dedication
Definition
The donation of a parcel of land by a developer for public use, such as for a park or school
Term
Despoil
Definition
To remove items of value from a site
Term
Development Rights
Definition
The legal ability of a developer to develop a parcel of land
Term
Downzoning
Definition
A change in zoning resulting in a decrease of allowable density
Term
Easement
Definition
A portion of land of one ownership that another owner or governmental agency has the right to use for specific purposes
Term
Eminent Domain
Definition
The right of a governmental jurisidiction to take ownership of private property for the public good while paying fair market value compensation to the owner
Term
Encroachment
Definition
An intrusion onto one property by the improvement to an adjoining property
Term
Equity
Definition
The amount of money an owner of a property keeps after selling the property and paying off any mortages; that is, the difference between the fair market value of a property and the amount of debt on the property
Term
Fair Market Value
Definition
The value of a piece of property that a buyer would pay a seller in a free transaciton for the property
Term
Fixture
Definition
An item that is attached to a building and is typically included in the sale of the building
Term
Ground Lease
Definition
A long-term lease of a property that allows the tenant to use a improve the land, but that reverts to the owner at the end of lease
Term
Ground Lease
Definition
A long-term lease of a property that allows the tenant to use and improve the land, but that reverts to the owner a the end of the lease
Term
Height Zoning
Definition
Restrictions on the heights of buildings and structures established by local news
Term
Improvement Ratio
Definition
The ratio of the value of improvements on a property to the value of the property alone
Term
Inverse Condemnation
Definition
A remedy by a court for a private land owner whose land has been taken away by a governmental body.
Term
Landlocked
Definition
Descriptive of a parcel of land that does not border any public road
Term
Land Sale Leaseback
Definition
A legal arrangement in which the owner of a property sells the property sells the property to someone else but then immediately leases it from the purchaser
Term
Lien Waiver
Definition
A document that gives up a person's right to claim a lien against property
Term
Mechanic's and Materialman's Lien
Definition
A claim placed against a property's deed by someone who provided work or materials to improve the property but was not paid for work.  (typically just called a lien)
Term
Minimum Property Standards
Definition
Minimum standards for residential building required by the Federal Housing Administration for construction or for underwriting a mortage
Term
Net Leasable Area
Definition
The area of a building that is available for rent, which does not include common areas, stucture, stairs, and the like
Term
Occupancy Permit
Definition
A document, issued by a city's building department, giving permission for a building to be occupied.  More commonly called the Certificate of occupancy.  The occupancy permit is part of the building permit process, and its cost is included in the building permit fee paid by the contractor.
Term
Pad Site
Definition
A seperate location for development of retail space near (but not in) a shiping center
Term
Party (Demising) Wall
Definition
The shared wall between two leased spaces or between two residential units.
Term
Pro Forma
Definition
A financial projection for a development project meant to determine if the project is feasible, given estimates on potential income and the cost of developing the project
Term
Restriction
Definition
A limit on how the owner of a property or building can use or improve the property.  Often called a 'restrictive covenant', it is usually contained in the deed to the property
Term
Riparian
Definition
Related to a body of water
Term
Riparian Rights
Definition
The rights of a landowner to use or control all or a portion of the water in a body of water bordering his or her property
Term
Satellite Tenant
Definition
A minor or smaller tenant in a shopping center
Term
Speical Use Permit
Definition
An exemption from zoning regulations given to a jurisdiction
Term
Spot Zoning
Definition
The application of specific zoning regulations to specific properties when nearby land is under different zoning
Term
Underimproved Land
Definition
Property that is not producing the maximum income it is capable of producting given its size, zoning, and so on
Term
Usuary
Definition
The illegal practic of charging exorbinant interest rates on a loan
Term
Variance
Definition
Permission granted by a local jurisdiction to deviate from the literal provisions of a zoning ordinance where strict adhereance would cause undue hardship because of conditions or circumstances unqiue to an individual property
Term
Wetlands
Definition
Land that has development restrictions placed on it because it is commonly flooded and may be environmentally sensitive
Term
Zero Lot Line
Definition
Part of a zoning regulation's setback requirements that allows a building to be constructed up to the property line with no setback
Term
Zoning By-Law
Definition
The set of zoning regulations established by a local jurisdiction that regulates certain building practices within the jurisdiciton
Term
  • Current workload in the office
  • Match between the project type and qualified experience within the firm
  • Potential feasibility of the project
  • The owner's budget for project and fees
  • Reliability and reputation of the client
Definition
What factors are considered when determining to take on a new project?
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