Term
| Does Sullivan consider the interpretation of behavior more representative of an individual's personality than their words about themselves? |
|
Definition
READING 41
Yes.
-The interpretation of behavior is generally rewarded as of higher probability than is the analysis of conversation about one's self.
-It is easier to say the right thing than to keep on doing the right thing ("actions speak louder then words") |
|
|
Term
| Why does sullivan say that interpersonal processes do NOT occur in the psychobiological state of panic? |
|
Definition
READING 41
-Panic is excess of complete insecurity and behavior is impossible in such a state.
-the appearance of implicit (mental) activity marks the change alike from panic toward a more characteristically human condition |
|
|
Term
| In the psychiatric study of interpersonal relations, to what must the psychiatrist confine his exploration? |
|
Definition
READING 41
psychiatrist must confine his exploration to:
(1)situations in which he himself takes part--in which his trained alertness may help him to analyze the begginning of developing situations
(2)those other situations concerned in the life of his subject-individual which have been either very durable or clearly effective in changing the course of the individual's manifest interpersonal living. |
|
|
Term
| How does an individual become a subject to himself, rather then an object |
|
Definition
READING 42
It is only as the individual finds himself acting with reference to himself as he acts towards others, that he becomes a subject to himself rather than an object. |
|
|
Term
| A response to the social conduct of the self can take what form? |
|
Definition
READING 42
others become part of our social environment (being aware of another self paying his role) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fundamental difference between the scientific and moral solution of a problem? |
|
Definition
READING 42
lies in the fact that the moral problem deals with concrete personal interests, in which the whole self is reconstructed in its relation to the other selves whose relations are essential to its personality |
|
|
Term
| In what parts of a person does Mischel say the data suggests stability and continuity? |
|
Definition
READING 43
-Cognitive constructions about ourselves and our world
-self-concept, impression
formation
-cognitive skills
-reaction time, response speed |
|
|
Term
| What factors, does Mischel say, predict the voluntary delay of gratification? |
|
Definition
READING 43
-some predictions of length of voluntary delay of gratification certainly can be made from individual differences data
-the most powerful predictions come from knowledge of the cognitive and incentive conditions that prevail in the particular situation of interest |
|
|
Term
| What does Mischel consider the relationship between behavioral discontinuity and personality? |
|
Definition
READING 43
discontinuities--real ones not merely superficial or trivial veneer changes--are part of the genuine phenomena of personality |
|
|
Term
| What makes a personality trait global? |
|
Definition
READING 44
(ex- conscientious, aggressive)
traits like these are global because each refers not just to one or a few specific behaviors, but to patterns of behavior presumed to transcend time and specific situations |
|
|
Term
| How does one come to an opinion of one's own traits? |
|
Definition
READING 44
On reflection (retrospectively) |
|
|
Term
| What is the single best method of trait assessment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| According to Costa, Terracciano, and McCrae, what is the relationship between bioevolutionary and sociocultural explanations of gender? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were Costa, Terracciano, and McCrae's setudy results on the differences in openness between men and women? |
|
Definition
READING 45
women scored higher than men in openness to aesthetics, feelings, and actions, but lower in openness to ideas, consistent with pervasive stereotypes that associate women with feeling and men with thinking |
|
|
Term
| What did Costa, Terracciano, and McCrae conclude about gender differences in general? |
|
Definition
READING 45
Women tend to be higher in negative affect, submissiveness, and nurturance, and more cncerned with feelings than with ideas |
|
|
Term
| What 3 types of variables were considered in the study of Terman's archives? |
|
Definition
READING 46
-examined 2 major sources of social stress: the divorce of one's parents (during childhood) and the instability of one's own marriage
-looked at patterns of personality evident in childhood and general psychological stability in adulthood
-considered the possible role of certain unhealthy habits in mediating the influence of stress and personality on longevity |
|
|
Term
| What group of Termites had the fewest mental difficulties? |
|
Definition
READING 46
married termites had the fewest mental difficulties |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
READING 46
dependability, trust, and lack of impulsivity |
|
|
Term
| What does Staub consider the elements of evil? |
|
Definition
READING 47
-the system in which individuals operate--whether constituted by a culture and social conditions, the nature of a family or a classroom, and relationships among people
-personal characteristics and the behavior of bystanders
-the evolution of increasingly harmful acts over time
-the frustration of basic human needs and their "destructive" fulfillment |
|
|
Term
| What evolution does a society's moral system typically undergo before genocide, according to Traub? |
|
Definition
READING 47
-difficult conditions of life in a society are one improtant starting point for the evolution of mass killing and genocide.
-intense economic problems or political conflict, great social changes, or their combination profoundly frustrate basic needs
-the life problems in society give rise to psychological and social processes that turn subgroups of society against each other |
|
|
Term
| What are the features of self-esteem in particularly aggressive men and boys? |
|
Definition
READING 47
high self esteem and injured narcissism that are associated with aggression
-organize self esteem as strength, power, and physical superiority over others |
|
|
Term
| Cohort differences may partially explain what paradox? |
|
Definition
READING 48
the longitudinal studies have often found remarkable consistency in personality traits as people age |
|
|
Term
| What changes in society that occured between the 1960's nd 1990's most likely affected changes in levels of extraversion? |
|
Definition
READING 48
changes in society= a decrease in social capital or social integration, and an increase in individualism |
|
|
Term
| What was the size of the effect of birth cohort on extraversion? |
|
Definition
READING 48
A large birth cohort effect for extraversion among american college students.
-extraversion scores shift between .79 and .97 SDs from late 1960/ early 1970s to early 1990s, explaining between 14 and 19% of variance in scores |
|
|
Term
| How do individuals with a high level of biocultural identity integration (BII) view their cultures? |
|
Definition
READING 49
perceive their cultural identities as generally compatible, tend to view themselves as part of a combined, or "third" emerging culture, and find it elatively easy to integrate lives |
|
|
Term
| What were to two reliable dimensions Haritatos and Martinez identified in the bicultural identity integration (BII) measure? |
|
Definition
READING 49
cultural conflict (vs. harmony) cultural distance (vs. blendedness) |
|
|
Term
| How does neuroticism affect cultural difference and conflict in biculturals? |
|
Definition
READING 49
cultural conflict and cultural distance are heightened by having high neuroticism |
|
|
