Term
| Auricle-anat.of external ear |
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Definition
| Composed of Pinna, includes lobule, helix, anti-helix, tragus, anti-tragus,concha |
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| Larger curve of outer ear |
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| A boat-shaped hollow. A longitudinal hollow on the posterior surface of the superior portion (root) of the medial pterygoid plate; it gives origin to the tensor veli palati muscle. |
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Definition
| Completely covers and protects middle and inner ear. |
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Lateral 2/3= cartiledgenous
Medial 1/3= bony |
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"ear drum"
3 Layers
a)Epithelial
b Fibrous
c)Mucous Layer |
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Definition
| Way to study tympanic membrane, Videotoscopy- seen via video images |
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| Ventilation Tubes on TM/Grommet/Pressure Equalizer Tube |
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Definition
| Tubes to ventilate pressure of middle ear and release fluid in middle ear |
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Term
Walls of Middle Ear:
**Middle/*Lateral/*Floor |
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Definition
Medial Wall = Promontory
Lateral Wall= Eardrum (TM)
Floor = Jugular Vein
Posterior Wall= Mastoid Bone of Wall
Anterior Wall = Eustachian Tube |
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| Middle Ear --> Inner Ear Functional Concepts |
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Definition
-Air cells behind
-Mastoid Bone behind the ear
**Mechanical pressure moved to inner ear gor FLUID COMPRESSION**
{The goal is to conduct sound via outer inner to inner ear thru the middle ear...} |
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Definition
"Hammer"
Components:
Manubrubrium, Head, Neck, Ant. Process, Lateral Process, Ligaments |
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Definition
"anvil"
Components:
Body, Short process (crus),Long process (crus), Lenticular process |
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Definition
"stirrup"
**Smallest bone of body**
Components:
Head, Neck, Oval Footplate,Crura (2), Anular Ligament |
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| Joint between Malleus and Incus |
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| Joint between Incus and Stapes |
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Definition
Move in BOTH directions and have fluid.
*Incudostapedial Joint and Malleoincudal Joints are examples*
*similar to the knee joint mvment* |
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| Stapedius and Tensor Tympani |
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Definition
*Smallest muscle of body
*Attached to stapes bone
*Contraction of this muscle is ACOUSTIC REFLEX
**Facial Nerve (#7) innervates this muscle |
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Definition
*Attached to malleus
*Innervated by Trigeminal Nerve (#5)
**Activate cornea, this muscle will contract!** |
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Definition
| Contraction of stapedius muscle, result in loud sound, to protect ear |
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| Petrous Bone, Promontory,Osseous Labyrinth, Membraneous Labyrinth |
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-Portion of Temporal Bone
-Covers the inner ear
-Hardest Bone of entire body |
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Definition
| # of Parts of Temporal Bone |
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Definition
-Supporting bony structure
-Shared area between inner ear and medial wall of inner ear |
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Term
Labyrinth
Osseous/Membraneous Classes |
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Definition
'Maze' of inner Ear
Bony/Fluid
*Osseous Labyrinth surrounds Membraneous Labyrinth!* |
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Definition
Cochlear Portion: sense of hearing
Vestibular Portion: sense of balance/equilibrium |
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Definition
-Bony part or bony carvings inside petrous bone
**Cannot be removed, yet can be molded** |
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Definition
Adult size at almost 25 weeks (220mm fetus)
* This is why babies "hear" inside womb @ 25 weeks* |
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Definition
More Na than K ions
Extracellular fluid
Found in BONY Labyrinth
In Scala Vestibuli and Tympani
Similar to CSF |
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Definition
More K ions than Na
Found in Membraneous Labyrinth
In Scala Media
Intracellular fluid |
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Definition
Cochlea-shell-like structure
Wraps around itself 2.5 (2.75) times |
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| Place where Scala vestibuli meets Scala Tympani |
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| Scala Vestibuli connected to ....window |
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Definition
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| Scala Tympani connected to... window |
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Definition
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Definition
| Blocked by footplate of Stapes |
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Definition
*Covered by Secondary Tympanic Membrane
*Scala Tympani is blocked by this |
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Definition
Occurs if fluid does NOT drain out
Lack of prestin
ex: Divers' round window can be ruptured |
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Definition
Wall of Scala Media
'Kidney of ear"
Metabolic Activity for cochlea
Recycles and provides nutrition |
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Term
| Movement of Basilar Membrane |
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Definition
| This stimulates the hearing nerve. |
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Definition
Between Scala Vestibuli and Scala Media
Made up of 2 squamous layers |
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Definition
| Bony shelf on Scala Vestibuli |
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Definition
-Found on Tectorial Membrane
-Extensions of hair cells
-Shorter at Base, taller at apex
1,000 per hair cell |
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Definition
Organ of Hearing
Sits atop Basilar Membrane
Components:
Pillars of Corti
Tunnel of Corti |
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Definition
| Angular Representation of cochlea |
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Definition
| Horizontal Representationof cochlea |
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| Vertical representation of cochlea |
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Definition
Longer, skinnier,mostly made of EFFERENT fibers
Longer at Apex
12,000 found in cochlea
3-rows
*Help us to sense SOFT sounds and stimulate IHC for hearing*
***Function exclusively as MODIFIERS of cochlear micromechanics** |
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Definition
Flask-shaped,globular
Mostly made of AFFERENT fibers
3-4,000 in cochlea
1-row
NO Motility
*How we mainly hear! |
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Definition
Atop Hair cells
**Movement of this opens channels of OHC which then moves inner ear fluid which causes stereocilia to fire**
***Stereocilia of OHC are attached here*** |
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Definition
Wall of Reissner's Membrane
-Inside Inner Ear where different membranes are attached
-Attached the whole Organ of Corti to Medial Wall of Scala Tympani
*Pivot Point for Tectorial M-brane* |
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Definition
| Very similar to perilymph(found in Organ of Corti) |
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Definition
Connection channel with saccule
Connection between cochlea and saccule (Vestib. system) |
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Definition
Vestibular Caecum
Vestibular System component |
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Definition
Bony core of cochlea
Wraps around H.P. |
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Definition
| 'holes', so fibers of hearing nerve can pass thru |
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Definition
Afferent Fibers
For Auditory Nerve |
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Definition
Deep Brain Stimulation
In Parkinsons' pts,attached to a battery for stimulation; helps with walking |
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Term
| Deiter's cells/Phalangeal process |
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Definition
Supporting cell, pulls OHC via proliferation
Holds OHC on their 'shoulders'
Maintains stereocilia structure |
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Definition
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| HIgher frequencies in the...of Basilar Membrane |
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Definition
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| LOwer frequencies in the....of Basilar Membrane |
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Definition
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Definition
| Shorter, thicker hair cells here |
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Definition
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| Stiffness...from base to apex |
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Definition
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| Width...from base to apex |
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Definition
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Term
| Basilar Membrane Components |
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Definition
*Heavier at Base
*Stiffer at Base
*Wider at Apex |
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Definition
| Plate atop hair cells, attaches to neck |
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Definition
Recreate hair cells to receive hearing
Found in birds, shark, fish |
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Definition
Moves when stereocilia move
Opens a door (channels), results in cell firings! |
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Definition
Convergence,
Several Fibers to ONE cell |
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Definition
Divergence,
one to MANY cells |
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Definition
Organization of Cochlea
High freq at base, low freq at apex.
Base--> high freq
Apex--> low freq |
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Definition
| modified Bekesy and Contemporary Active Cochlea Thry: emphasized motility of OHCs |
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Definition
Tectorial Membrane moves stereocilia, opens channel; Na ions
Movement of Bas. M-brane then sliding of the tect. m-brane--->shearing of the cilia-->flow of Na ions into cell |
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Term
| Neurotransmitters of the Inner Ear |
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Definition
Glutamate-excitatory, IHCs-generates nerve impulses in the afferent fibers of aud. nerve
ACh-inhibitory,OHCs |
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Term
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Definition
Afferent:
Type I: myelinated/thicker IHCs, 95%
Type II:unmyelinated, thinner OHCs, 5%
Efferent:
Type I: almost 95% to OHCs
Type II:5% to IHCs, attaches to the aferent nerve fibers of the IHCs |
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Definition
| The spatial separation achieved in the ear is preserved here and passed on to the aud. centers of the brain. |
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Term
| Cochlear Nucleus Complex- Pons |
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Definition
Consists of 3 Nuclei:
AVCN-anteroventral cochlear nucleus
PVCN-postroventral cochlear nucleus
DCN-Dorsal Cochlear nucleus |
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Term
Principal Cells of:
AVCN
PVCN
DCN |
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Definition
principal cells-bushy cells: spherical/globular
principal cells:ocotpus cells
principal cells: stellate cells
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Term
| Lateral Sulcus/Sylvian Fissure |
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Definition
Primary Auditory Cortex
B'Man # 41/42 |
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Term
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Definition
Main assoc. with hearing
Assoc. with limbic system
Incl: Uncus/Parahippocampus/Wernicke's Area |
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Term
| Cerebello Pontine Angle (CPA) |
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Definition
Hearing nerve fibers enter the brain stem here.
**These fibers are tonotopically organized** |
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Term
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Definition
Loss of high freq FIRST
Benign tumor of 8th cranial nerve
Most common type o tumor of CPA |
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Definition
| Hole/Canal/Formina on medial surface of petrous bone; fibers come out from here. |
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Term
| Superior Olivary Complex-Pons |
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Definition
Consists of 3 Major Nuclei on each side:
MSO-medial superior olive
LSO-lateral superior olive
MNTB-medial nucleus od Trapeziod Body
**Some periolivary nuclei surround these 3 also** |
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Definition
First nucleus that fibers enter on the ascending aud. p'way.
Nerve fibers of 8th CN here. |
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Term
| AVCN-Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus |
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Definition
| Helps us with frequency and intensity specificity-to distinguish freq/intensity of sounds. |
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| PVCN-Posteroventral Cochlear Nucleus |
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Definition
| Sensitive to bands of sound/portions of speech |
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Term
| DCN- Dorsal Nuclear Complex |
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Definition
| Related to phonemic understanding |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest tract of Central Auditory Pathway, 3 Nuclei: VNLL,DNLL,INLL |
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Term
| Inferior Colliculus-Midbrain |
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Definition
| Largest auditory structure of brainstem.Nuclei:CNIC-lgest. |
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Term
| Medial Geniculate Body-Diencephalon |
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Definition
Largest nuclei of thalamus
Diencephalic nucleus of CAP'way |
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Definition
| connects diencephalon to cortex |
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Definition
Sublenticular portions of Internal Capsule
"Thalamocortical fibers"
AFFERENT fibers |
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Definition
| PAC {B'Man areas 41 and 42) located on Transverse Gyri (Heschl) which lie on dorsalmedial surface of superior temporal gyrus, buried on floor of lateral (Sylvan) fissure. |
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Definition
| Send sounds, look at response of brain. |
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