Things to look for in an egg:

(8)

-albumen thickness

-good size yolk

-size/condition of air cell

-clean shell

-sound cell (no cracks, good texture)

-color

-shape

females:

primary feathers are longer than covert feathers

males:

primary feathers are the same length (or shorter) than the covert feathers

37.6

Why is ventilation important?

replaces stale air with fresh air

removes moisture, CO2, and excess heat in summer

genetics (~60%)

health

nutrition (~25%)

layers produce ___________ eggs/year

they get a "break" every _________

310-320 eggs/year

every 8-9 days

White Leg-horn

[image]

[image]

Today's most prolific brown egg-laying hens strains produced by breeding companies?

(4)

HHIL

Hisex Brown

Hi-Line

Isabrown

Lowman

Ideal features of laying hens:

(7)

BREEFFS

Brooding

Resistance to disease

Egg production

Egg quality

Feathers

FCR

Survivability

For reproduction, what are the desirable attributes for the sire line of a broiler? (6)

ZZ or ZW?

male ZZ

high fertility

high growth rate

high FCR

high meat production

conformity (good shape)

Big breast

What are the reproduction attributes in a dam line or a broiler?

(5)

ZZ or ZW?

ZW

Hatchability

high egg laying productivity

high FCR

high fertility

which gene is dominant?

slow or fast feathering?

78% caged

15-17% free range

5% are barn or deep litter

What is the order of the reproductive in a hen?

and decribe how long a egg is there and what happens in that region

(i like richards mnemonic, oi mi! you vee see vee)

Ovary

Infundibulum- 15 min catches ovum

magnum-         3 hours produces egg white (albumen)

isthmus-       1.5 hours produces shell membrane

uterus-      18-20 hours adds water and hard shell

vagina-              secs   expels egg

LH surge

(LH- luteinizing hormone produced by hypophysis)

describe open period

what influences it?

ovulation that occurs in a restricted part of the day

lasts about 8-10 hours and resets after 8-10 days and needs a day to reset

feed, light and genetics influence the time and duration of open period

when does peak egg production occur?

(how many weeks old?)

every 6 days

sperm is viable for 10 days

breeder farm

hatchery

pullet grower farm

layer farm

from egg to 1-2 days old?

-incubation

-candling

-sexing

-beak trimming

-vaccination

-transport

what happens at the pullet grower farm?

(how long are pullets there?)

(week 1-18)

Brooding

pullet starter feed

beak trimming

vaccination

What happens to the pullet/hen at the layer farm?

what food are they on?

what age do they lay their first egg?

further vaccinations

pullet grower feed

control development-growth

lay egg between 18-20weeks of age

When does a hen lay her first egg?

when is the end of the first laying period?

What happens after this period?

What is the second laying period?

She lays her first egg between 18-20 months

1st laying period is 12-15 months

some are culled, if not, they have a forced moult for a period of 4-6 weeks

second laying period is another 4-6 months

in the end, they are culled and cold as spent hens

what are the ideal conditions for incubation?

temp

humidity

ventilation

37.6C

50% hum

21% oxygen

what are the ideal conditions for hatching trays?

temp

humidity

temp 37C

humidity 60-70%

to avoid injury

Chickens very territorial and will bully and fight each other

Done at 6-10 days old, 4-8 weeks, and 10-12 weeks

Done by HEATED BLADE.

Rotating egg ensures chicken does not stick to cell membrane and thus become deformed.

Embryo also orientated so chick may breathe through air bubble. Yolk nourishes embryo.

• Mareks Disease (MD). In/ovo (in embryo)
• Infectious Bronchitis (IB). Spray at day old. Booster administered at 4 weeks and 16-17 weeks
• Infectious Laryngotracheitis (IL). Eye Drop. Booster at 12 weeks
• Fowl Pox (FP). Wing stab at 2-10 days. Booster at 12 weeks.
• Newcastle Disease (ND). Eye Drop. Booster at 6-8 weeks and another one from 10-18 weeks.

protein

amino acids

minerals (Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg)

vitamins

energy

a forced moult is done by feeding what?

what happens to the hens?

what happens to the eggs during the second laying period?

whole grain oats or barley

some weight loss and feather loss occur

eggs are fewer but larger in size

for broiler chicks, they weigh ______ at 1 day and grow ______________ in 39 days

they are slaughtered at ____________ of age

What are the main companies that control the broiler market?

what % of the market do they hold?

84% of the market

Inghams and Baiada

brooding- start at 31-32L decrease 1C every 3 days until reach 20C

low intensity- reduces bird activity and energy use which improves growth rate and FCR

high intensity- used at the start of brooding- find food and water then reduce intensity

23 hours of light/ 1 hour of darkness

some lines --> 18 hours of day length to decrease incidences of undesirable conditions

broiler nutrition accounts for ____% of the cost of producing broiler chickens

and what is the most expensive component of feed?

60-70% cost

protein and energy are the most expensive

start diet: 0-2 weeks

grower diet 3-4 weeks

finisher diet 5-6 weeks

What are the main companies in the duck industry?

what % of the market do they collectively control?

Pepe's ducks and Luv-a duck

85%

Ducks generally have a high FCR of between 2.2 to 2.3 compared to broilers 1.75

ducks produce how many eggs/year?

when do they start producing?

start producing at 24 weeks

produce 200-220 eggs/year

Feeder 1-14 days old.

=> Diet 12.2MJ/kg ME and 21-22.5% PROTEIN

Grower 15-42 days old.

=>12.7MJ/kg Me and 17-18% PROTEIN